Ag Ch 1 (02) United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Agricultural Chemical Usage 2001 Dairy Cattle and Dairy Facilities Summary May 2002 Table of Contents Page Overview 1 Highlights 2 Milk Cow Inventory and Production by State and U.S. 4 Chemical Applications Tables - - - Dairy Cattle Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total 5 Chemical Applications: Rate per Head per Application, Rate per Head per Year, and Total Applied,Program States Total and States Surveyed 6 Methods of Applications 14 Chemical Applications Tables - - - Dairy Facilities Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total 15 Chemical Applications: Total Applied, Program States Total and States Surveyed 16 Survey Procedures 24 Estimation Procedures 24 Reliability 24 Terms and Definitions 25 Trade Names and Active Ingredients 27 Survey Instrument 29 Report Features 33 2001 Agricultural Chemical Use Estimates for Dairy Cattle and Dairy Cattle Facilities Overview: The agricultural chemical usage estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the 2002 General Dairy Management Survey, which was conducted in late December 2001 through January 2002. The States in this survey account for approximately 85% of the milk cow inventory in the United States, based on 2001 data published in the NASS Milk Production release dated February 15, 2002. This report provides insecticide use information on dairy cattle and dairy facilities in the 21 selected States. All data refer to the on-farm use of chemical active ingredients contained in insecticides which were applied during the 2001 calendar year. Insecticides are defined as chemical products used for the control of insects. Insecticides are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Insecticides are applied to dairy cattle and dairy facilities to control flies, mange, mites, lice, grubs, and other external pests. Chemical usage on dairy cattle is published on a rate per head per application and rate per head per year basis. Some dairy cattle received no chemical applications in 2001; whereas, other dairy cattle received multiple applications of the same chemical. In other cases, dairy cattle received applications of several different chemicals. The number of times a chemical is applied varies significantly based on product formulation, method of application, and pest stress at particular locations. The rate per head data cannot be used to calculate the actual number of head treated with a particular chemical. Dairy cattle inventories are reprinted in this report from a previous NASS release for informational purposes only. Some active ingredients, such as petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, and xylene are primarily carriers, diluents, synergists, or repellents. These active ingredients are classified by the EPA as pesticides, and are therefore included in this report. This report excludes pharmaceutical products that treat dairy cattle for internal pests. A pharmaceutical is classified as a drug and is regulated by FDA. Pharmaceuticals generally target internal livestock pests such as viruses, bacteria, or worms. Some products can be classified as either a pesticide or a pharmaceutical because they treat both external and internal pests. Examples of dual purpose products are doramectin and ivermectin. These products can be applied to dairy cattle internally through oral dosage or injection, or applied externally as a pour-on. Besides pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and sanitizers are also excluded. Only insecticide data were collected and summarized. Insecticide applications made to dairy cattle facilities are also included in this report. For survey purposes, milking parlors, pens, sheds, and barns are examples of dairy cattle facilities. Herbicide and termite chemical applications are excluded, as are all rodenticides. Highlights 2001 Dairy Cattle and Dairy Cattle Facilities Agricultural Chemical Use 2002 General Dairy Management Survey: Agricultural producers applied a total of 161,800 pounds of insecticides to dairy cattle during 2001 in the 21 States surveyed. Dairy operations in 21 States were surveyed in late 2001 through January 2002. States surveyed for dairy cattle chemical use do not necessarily correspond to major dairy cattle States. Commonly Used Active Ingredients on Dairy Cattle: The insecticide most commonly used on dairy cattle during 2001, based on total pounds applied, in the surveyed States was permethrin, at 47,300 pounds, followed by piperonyl butoxide, at 22,100 pounds. Tetrachlorvinphos was the third most commonly used insecticide, with 21,200 total pounds used during 2001 in the States surveyed. Of the total chemical applications made to dairy cattle during 2001 in the 21 selected States, 59 percent were made as pour-on or spot-on applications, 20 percent by spray method, 8 percent by dust bag or hand dusting, 4 percent by injection, 4 percent with ear tags, and 3 percent by rubbing device. All other methods accounted for the remaining 2 percent of the chemical applications. Commonly Used Active Ingredients on Dairy Cattle Facilities: In the 21 surveyed States, a total of 100,100 pounds of insecticide active ingredients was applied to dairy facilities in 2001. Piperonyl butoxide had the highest total quantity used, at 24,700 pounds applied during 2001 in the surveyed States. Permethrin had the second highest total pounds used, at 19,200 pounds, followed by dimethoate, for which 14,800 total pounds were applied during 2001 in the selected States. Highlights 2001 Dairy Cattle and Dairy Cattle Facilities Agricultural Chemical Use In the 21 States surveyed, there were 1,743 reports summarized for chemicals applied directly to dairy cattle and 989 reports summarized for chemicals applied to dairy facilities. The U.S. map below depicts graphically the total number of summarized reports for each State in the 2001 survey. Milk Cows and Production: By State, and United States, January 1, 2000-2001 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk Cows 1/ : Milk Per Cow 2/ :Milk Production 2/ : Change State :-----------------------------------------------------------: From : 2000 : 2001 : 2000 : 2001 : 2000 : 2001 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- 1,000 Head -- ---- Pounds ---- -- Million Pounds -- Percent : AL : 25 21 13,920 14,286 348 300 -13.8 AK : 0.9 1.1 14,500 13,055 13.05 14.36 10.0 AZ : 139 140 21,436 20,679 3,033 2,895 -4.5 AR : 39 35 12,436 12,343 485 432 -10.9 CA : 1,526 1,590 21,149 20,913 32,273 33,251 3.0 CO : 89 91 21,618 21,648 1,924 1,970 2.4 CT : 27 25 17,778 18,240 480 456 -5.0 DE : 10.0 9.0 15,000 16,778 150.0 151.0 0.7 FL : 157 153 15,688 15,758 2,463 2,411 -2.1 GA : 87 86 16,471 16,640 1,433 1,431 -0.1 HI : 8.1 7.5 14,358 14,107 116.3 105.8 -9.0 ID : 347 366 20,816 21,194 7,223 7,757 7.4 IL : 120 116 17,450 17,414 2,094 2,020 -3.5 IN : 146 153 16,568 16,732 2,419 2,560 5.8 IA : 215 210 18,298 18,024 3,934 3,785 -3.8 KS : 91 93 16,923 17,312 1,540 1,610 4.5 KY : 132 128 12,841 12,969 1,695 1,660 -2.1 LA : 58 54 12,034 11,704 698 632 -9.5 ME : 39 38 17,128 17,211 668 654 -2.1 MD : 84 82 16,083 15,780 1,351 1,294 -4.2 MA : 22 21 17,091 17,048 376 358 -4.8 MI : 300 303 19,017 19,323 5,705 5,855 2.6 MN : 534 510 17,777 17,278 9,493 8,812 -7.2 MS : 36 35 15,028 14,200 541 497 -8.1 MO : 154 145 14,662 13,441 2,258 1,949 -13.7 MT : 19 19 17,789 18,211 338 346 2.4 NE : 76 72 16,513 16,056 1,255 1,156 -7.9 NV : 25 25 19,040 19,400 476 485 1.9 NH : 18 18 17,333 17,944 312 323 3.5 NJ : 16 14 15,250 16,643 244 233 -4.5 NM : 250 268 20,944 20,750 5,236 5,561 6.2 NY : 686 672 17,378 17,527 11,921 11,778 -1.2 NC : 71 67 16,746 17,373 1,189 1,164 -2.1 ND : 48 46 14,292 14,000 686 644 -6.1 OH : 262 260 17,027 16,612 4,461 4,319 -3.2 OK : 91 89 14,231 14,528 1,295 1,293 -0.2 OR : 90 95 18,222 18,074 1,640 1,717 4.7 PA : 617 599 18,081 18,112 11,156 10,849 -2.8 RI : 1.8 1.4 15,667 16,571 28.2 23.2 -17.7 SC : 23 21 16,087 17,476 370 367 -0.8 SD : 102 99 16,020 15,960 1,634 1,580 -3.3 TN : 95 92 14,789 14,511 1,405 1,335 -5.0 TX : 348 325 16,483 15,689 5,736 5,099 -11.1 UT : 96 93 17,573 17,581 1,687 1,635 -3.1 VT : 156 153 17,199 17,431 2,683 2,667 -0.6 VA : 120 118 15,833 15,898 1,900 1,876 -1.3 WA : 247 247 22,644 22,324 5,593 5,514 -1.4 WV : 17 16 15,588 15,563 265 249 -6.0 WI : 1,344 1,292 17,306 17,182 23,259 22,199 -4.6 WY : 5.6 4.5 13,571 14,000 76.0 63.0 -17.1 : US 3/ : 9,206 9,115 18,201 18,139 167,559 165,336 -1.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Average number during year, excluding heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ May not add due to rounding. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Total Amount Applied Program States and Total, 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------ State : Total Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : CA : 13.3 CO : 8.0 FL : 3.7 ID : 2.9 IL : 2.4 IN : 7.7 IA : 9.4 KY : 2.0 MI : 2.1 MN : 19.6 MO : 3.4 NM : 13.2 NY : 11.4 OH : 2.2 PA : 7.4 TN : 8.0 TX : 9.4 VT : 6.0 VA : 2.1 WA : 5.5 WI : 22.1 : Total : 161.8 ------------------------------------------------------------ Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Total of Program States, 2001 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Grams Grams 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Amitraz : 1.5 3.7 0.1 Chlorpyrifos : 0.3 0.8 * Clorsulon : 0.8 1.0 0.2 Coumaphos : 0.4 11.1 10.6 Crotoxyphos : 0.4 0.6 * Cyfluthrin : 0.9 3.3 5.5 Diazinon : 0.7 5.9 0.2 Dichlorvos : 0.4 13.6 9.0 Dimethoate : 5.0 132.1 7.9 Dipropyl isocinchomeronate : 0.5 13.2 1.9 Doramectin : 0.2 0.3 0.1 Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.3 0.9 Ethion : 3.1 4.3 0.1 Famphur : 11.4 20.4 1.3 Fenthion : 1.8 3.5 0.2 Fenvalerate : 2.5 21.3 1.7 Flucythrinate : 0.7 0.7 * Ivermectin : 0.2 0.3 0.6 Lambda-cyhalothrin : 1.2 1.6 0.1 Malathion : 1.3 10.8 1.1 Methoxychlor : 13.3 143.2 6.6 Moxidectin : 0.2 0.3 0.4 N-octy-bicycloheptene : 0.4 9.7 2.3 Naled : 4.6 49.2 3.1 Permethrin : 0.9 8.3 47.3 Petroleum distillate : 3.3 82.7 7.8 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 8.3 22.1 Pirimiphos-methyl : 1.8 2.5 0.1 Pyrethrins : 0.03 1.4 2.0 S-Methoprene : 0.1 8.6 1.2 Tetrachlorvinphos : 1.1 63.2 21.2 Xylene : 39.8 71.5 4.7 Zeta-cypermethrin : 0.8 0.9 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ States included are CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, MI, MN, MO, NM, NY, OH, PA, TN, TX, VT, VA, WA, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bendiocarb, bomyl, butoxypolypropylene glycol, carbaryl, cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, methomyl, phosmet, ronnel, sulfur, and toxaphene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, California, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.1 0.4 0.2 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Permethrin : 0.6 3.4 3.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.2 5.1 1.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, coumaphos, dimethoate, doramectin, eprinomectin, malathion, moxidectin, naled, petroleum distillate, pyrethrins, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Colorado, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 1.2 118.4 3.9 Permethrin : 0.17 1.0 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, cyfluthrin, dichlorvos, doramectin, eprinomectin, famphur, fenthion, ivermectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, tetrachlorvinphos, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Florida, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.1 2.9 0.2 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Permethrin : 0.3 2.9 0.8 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 3.4 0.4 S-Methoprene : 0.0 5.2 0.3 Tetrachlorvinphos : 1.5 23.9 1.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, doramectin, eprinomectin, ethion, fenthion, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, methoxychlor, moxidectin, petroleum distillate, phosmet, pyrethrins, and sulfur. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Idaho, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.3 1.7 * Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.3 0.7 * Permethrin : 4.4 8.9 0.6 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 4.4 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bendiocarb, clorsulon, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, doramectin, eprinomectin, famphur, lambda-cyhalothrin, naled, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrethrins, tetrachlorvinphos, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Illinois, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.4 1.4 * Cyfluthrin : 0.3 1.6 0.1 Dichlorvos : 0.2 3.7 0.2 Doramectin : 0.1 0.1 * Eprinomectin : 0.1 0.2 * Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.4 * Permethrin : 2.4 9.3 0.5 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.8 13.4 1.4 Pyrethrins : 0.1 1.7 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for amitraz, clorsulon, crotoxyphos, diazinon, diflubenzuron, fenthion, fenvalerate, naled, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., ronnel, tetrachlorvinphos, and zeta-cypermethrin. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Indiana, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.3 52.1 1.0 Ivermectin : 0.4 0.4 * Permethrin : 0.3 5.5 0.8 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 8.9 0.3 Pyrethrins : 0.0 2.1 * Tetrachlorvinphos : 1.0 226.7 4.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for chlorpyrifos, clorsulon, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, dimethoate, doramectin, eprinomectin, fenvalerate, moxidectin, naled, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., and s-methoprene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Iowa, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : 0.6 20.3 0.6 Eprinomectin : 0.3 0.3 * Ivermectin : 0.5 1.0 * Moxidectin : 0.1 0.4 0.1 Permethrin : 2.5 23.4 6.0 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.5 16.8 2.1 Pyrethrins : 0.0 2.0 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for coumaphos, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, doramectin, famphur, fenthion, fenvalerate, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., tetrachlorvinphos, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Kentucky, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 1.8 9.1 0.4 Cyfluthrin : 0.3 1.0 0.1 Diazinon : 2.9 2.9 * Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.3 * Ivermectin : 0.3 0.5 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.4 * Permethrin : 1.2 5.6 0.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 1.6 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bomyl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, doramectin, ethion, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrethrins, s-methoprene, tetrachlorvinphos, and zeta-cypermethrin. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Michigan, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.3 * Ivermectin : 0.1 0.1 * Permethrin : 0.8 2.0 0.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 1.0 0.2 Pyrethrins : 0.0 0.1 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for carbaryl, clorsulon, coumaphos, cyfluthrin, dichlorvos, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, doramectin, famphur, fenthion, moxidectin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., phosmet, s-methoprene, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Minnesota, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head :Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 4.3 52.2 3.5 Dichlorvos : 0.2 6.5 0.5 Dipropyl isocinchomeronate : 0.8 18.5 0.4 Eprinomectin : 0.3 0.3 0.2 Ivermectin : 0.2 0.3 0.1 Moxidectin : 0.2 0.2 * N-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo. : 0.7 19.3 0.7 Permethrin : 0.7 13.4 3.2 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.5 14.8 3.1 Pyrethrins : 0.0 2.0 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for coumaphos, dimethoate, doramectin, famphur, fenthion, methoxychlor, naled, ronnel, tetrachlorvinphos, toxphene, xylene, and zeta-cypermethrin. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Missouri, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.1 2.7 0.2 Doramectin : 0.2 0.3 * Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.7 * Ivermectin : 0.4 0.4 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.5 * Permethrin : 0.4 2.9 0.6 Piperonyl butoxide : 1.1 7.6 0.4 Tetrachlorvinphos : 20.4 39.6 0.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for carbaryl, crotoxyphos, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, famphur, fenthion, flucythrinate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, petroleum distillate, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrethrins, s-methoprene, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, New Mexico, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Permethrin : 2.0 82.7 12.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for ivermectin, moxidectin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, and s-methoprene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, New York, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head :Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Amitraz : 1.7 4.1 0.1 Coumaphos : 1.6 4.4 0.6 Dichlorvos : 0.1 2.1 * Doramectin : 0.0 0.1 * Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.3 0.1 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.2 * N-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo. : 0.1 3.0 0.1 Permethrin : 0.7 3.5 1.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 12.3 2.8 Pyrethrins : 0.0 2.2 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for butoxypolypropylene glycol, chlorpyrifos, clorsulon, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, fenthion, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methoxychlor, petroleum distillate, pirimiphos-methyl, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Ohio, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.5 1.1 0.1 Cyfluthrin : 0.3 0.7 0.1 Dichlorvos : 0.2 2.6 * Eprinomectin : 0.1 0.2 * Ivermectin : 0.1 0.1 * Moxidectin : 0.1 0.2 * Permethrin : 0.8 3.7 0.6 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.5 5.9 0.6 Pyrethrins : 0.0 0.2 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for amitraz, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, doramectin, fenvalerate, malathion, methoxychlor, pirimiphos-methyl, s-methoprene, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Pennsylvania, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.4 2.4 0.2 Cyfluthrin : 1.3 5.3 0.7 Dichlorvos : 0.1 3.2 0.2 Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.3 0.1 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.1 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.3 * Permethrin : 0.5 3.1 1.7 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 5.1 1.5 Pyrethrins : 0.0 0.7 0.1 Tetrachlorvinphos : 1.7 38.8 1.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, crotoxyphos, dimethoate, doramectin, ethion, flucythrinate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, and s-methoprene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Tennessee, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Eprinomectin : 0.2 0.4 * Ivermectin : 0.1 0.1 * Permethrin : 1.8 41.2 5.0 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.2 3.7 0.3 Tetrachlorvinphos : 0.5 58.3 2.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for chlorpyrifos, clorsulon, coumaphos, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, doramectin, ethion, famphur, fenthion, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, moxidectin, pyrethrins, ronnel, s-methoprene, xylene, and zeta-cypermethrin. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Texas, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.2 22.5 1.7 Cyfluthrin : 0.3 0.8 0.1 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.5 * Permethrin : 0.8 6.6 2.9 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.8 6.9 0.8 Tetrachlorvinphos : 3.5 4.5 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, doramectin, eprinomectin, ethion, fenthion, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, phosmet, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrethrins, s-methoprene, and sulfur. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Vermont, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.3 5.7 0.2 Dichlorvos : 0.4 26.8 0.7 Doramectin : 0.8 0.8 * Eprinomectin : 0.3 0.4 * Ivermectin : 0.2 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.2 0.2 * Permethrin : 0.7 12.1 1.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.5 39.7 2.3 Pyrethrins : 0.1 5.1 0.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for amitraz, clorsulon, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, ethion, malathion, methoxychlor, pirimiphos-methyl, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Virginia, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------- 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 3.8 12.3 0.3 Ivermectin : 0.2 0.3 * Permethrin : 0.1 0.5 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for doramectin, eprinomectin, ethion, fenthion, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, moxidectin, petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, pirimiphos-methyl, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Washington, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head : Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 0.2 1.8 0.1 Ivermectin : 0.1 0.2 * Moxidectin : 0.1 0.2 * Permethrin : 0.1 0.5 0.1 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.2 2.0 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for clorsulon, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, doramectin, eprinomectin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, pyrethrins, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Wisconsin, 2001 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Rate per Head :Rate per Head : Total Chemical :per Application : per Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------- Grams ------ 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : 1.1 10.1 1.4 Cyfluthrin : 0.1 0.4 0.1 Dichlorvos : 0.5 16.3 3.4 Dipropyl isocinchomeronate : 0.5 22.3 1.4 Doramectin : 0.4 0.7 * Eprinomectin : 0.3 0.4 0.3 Ivermectin : 0.3 0.4 0.2 Moxidectin : 0.2 0.3 0.1 N-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo. : 0.2 8.2 0.7 Permethrin : 0.6 5.1 4.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 7.2 4.0 Pyrethrins : 0.0 1.2 0.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, clorsulon, crotoxyphos, dimethoate, famphur, fenvalerate, malathion, naled, tetrachlorvinphos, toxaphene, and xylene. Dairy Cattle: Agricultural Chemical Use, Application Methods Used Total of Program States, 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------ Application Method : Total of States Surveyed ------------------------------------------------------------ : Percent : : Dust Bag/Hand Dust : 8.4 Ear Tag : 3.9 Feed Additive/Mineral Block : 1.6 Injection : 4.0 Pour-On : 58.6 Rubbing Device : 3.2 Spray : 20.0 : Other Methods : 0.3 ------------------------------------------------------------ Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Total Amount Applied, 2001 Program States and Total ------------------------------------------------------------ State : Total Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : CA : 14.0 CO : 2.8 FL : 0.3 ID : 2.9 IL : 0.8 IN : 7.2 IA : 4.6 KY : 6.3 MI : 2.9 MN : 14.0 MO : 0.7 NM : 3.7 NY : 2.8 OH : 2.4 PA : 5.8 TN : 0.9 TX : 2.2 VT : 2.3 VA : 0.2 WA : 0.4 WI : 23.2 : Total : 100.1 ------------------------------------------------------------ Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Total of Program States, 2001 1/ 2/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 pounds : Insecticides: : Abamectin : * Carbaryl : 0.1 Chlorpyrifos : 0.2 Coumaphos : 1.0 Cyfluthrin : 5.6 Diazinon : 1.1 Dichlorvos : 12.1 Dimethoate : 14.8 Lambda-cyhalothrin : 1.1 Malathion : 2.1 Methomyl : 1.0 Moxidectin : * N-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo.: 0.6 Naled : 8.6 Permethrin : 19.2 Petroleum distillate : 1.9 Piperonyl butoxide : 24.7 Pyrethrins : 3.8 Ronnel : * Tetrachlorvinphos : 1.9 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ States included are CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, MI, MN, MO, NM, NY, OH, PA, TN, TX, VT, VA, WA, and WI. * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish data for amitraz, bifenthrin, bomyl, cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, fenthion, fenvalerate, methoxychlor, pyriproxyfen, s-methoprene, sulfur, thiazine, and tricosene. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, California, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : 2.6 Methomyl : * Naled : 6.9 Permethrin : 4.3 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, diazinon, malathion, petroleum distillate, and pyrethrins. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Colorado, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : 1.2 Methomyl : * Permethrin : 0.7 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for cyfluthrin, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, naled, petroleum distillate, and ronnel. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Florida, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : 0.1 Methomyl : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.1 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for cyfluthrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, s-methoprene, tetrachlorvinphos, thiazine, and tricosene. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Idaho, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.4 Dichlorvos : 0.4 Methomyl : * Naled : 0.5 Permethrin : 0.6 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, tetrachlorvinphos, and tricosene. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Illinois, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.3 Dichlorvos : * Permethrin : * Piperonyl butoxide : 0.2 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, bomyl, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, methoxychlor, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., ronnel, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Indiana, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.2 Dichlorvos : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.3 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.7 Pyrethrins : 0.1 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Iowa, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.6 Permethrin : 1.7 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bifenthrin, coumaphos, diazinon, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Kentucky, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Coumaphos : * N-octy-bicycloheptene : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.1 Piperonyl butoxide : 4.8 Pyrethrins : 0.9 ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, dimethoate, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, methomyl, methoxychlor, moxidectin, petroleum distillate, and ronnel. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Michigan, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : * Dichlorvos : * Piperonyl butoxide : 1.0 Pyrethrins : * Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for diazinon, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, methoxychlor, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., and permethrin. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Minnesota, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.5 Dichlorvos : 1.7 Dimethoate : 2.9 Piperonyl butoxide : 7.5 Pyrethrins : 0.9 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for lambda-cyhalothrin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., naled, permethrin, and ronnel. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Missouri, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : * Piperonyl butoxide : 0.4 Pyrethrins : * Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for carbaryl, coumaphos, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., and permethrin. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, New Mexico, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Permethrin : 1.3 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for dichlorvos, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, ronnel, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, New York, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.4 Dichlorvos : * Dimethoate : 0.9 Permethrin : 0.4 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.2 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bomyl, coumaphos, diazinon, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, methomyl, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., naled, ronnel, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Ohio, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 1.7 Dichlorvos : * Permethrin : * Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, fenthion, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, methomyl, methoxychlor, petroleum distillate, ronnel, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Pennsylvania, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.6 Dichlorvos : 0.2 Dimethoate : 1.0 Methomyl : 0.5 Permethrin : 0.7 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.6 Pyrethrins : 0.3 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, diflubenzuron, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, moxidectin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, and pyriproxyfen. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Tennessee, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Permethrin : 0.1 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.3 Pyrethrins : 0.1 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for dichlorvos, methomyl, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., naled, and ronnel. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Texas, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.2 Dichlorvos : 0.2 Lambda-cyhalothrin : 0.1 Methomyl : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.7 Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 Pyrethrins : * Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., tetrachlorvinphos, and tricosene. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Vermont, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.6 Piperonyl butoxide : 1.1 Pyrethrins : 0.2 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for abamectin, amitraz, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, malathion, methomyl, moxidectin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., naled, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Virginia, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Dichlorvos : * Piperonyl butoxide : 0.1 Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for cyfluthrin, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, n-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., permethrin, and ronnel. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Washington, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.1 Permethrin : 0.1 Piperonyl butoxide : * Pyrethrins : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for dichlorvos, lambda-cyhalothrin, n-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo., naled, ronnel, and tetrachlorvinphos. Dairy Cattle Facilities: Agricultural Chemical Use, Wisconsin, 2001 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Total Chemical : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 Pounds : Insecticides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.5 Dichlorvos : 5.1 Dimethoate : 3.3 Methomyl : 0.1 N-octy-bicycloheptene dicarbo.: 0.3 Permethrin : 6.3 Piperonyl butoxide : 5.4 Pyrethrins : 0.9 Ronnel : * ------------------------------------------------------------ * Total applied less than 50 pounds. 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for bomyl, chlorpyrifos, dipropyl isocinchomeronate, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, moxidectin, petroleum distillate, sulfur, and tetrachlorvinphos. Survey Procedures: The estimates in this report are based on the 2002 National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) General Dairy Management Report conducted from late December 2001 through January 2002. This survey was based on a sample of pre-screened operators reporting dairy cattle on a previous NASS survey. Enumerators conducting the survey collected a variety of information including insecticide applications to dairy cattle and dairy cattle facilities for respondents' entire operations. Data were collected in the State where the operation's headquarters was located. Estimation Procedures: The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name, were reviewed within State and across States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturers' recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability: The survey was designed so that the estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on dairy cattle and dairy cattle facilities. The reliability of these survey results is affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. Sampling variability is a measure of how the estimates would differ if other samples had been drawn. The sampling variability expressed as a percent of the estimate is called the coefficient of variation (cv). Sampling variability of the estimates differed considerably by chemical. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as permethrin, will exhibit less variability than a more rarely used product. For more commonly used chemicals, cv's range from 5-30 percent at the 21-State program level and 5-55 percent at the State level. Other items may have cv's up to 100 percent. Items that have an insufficient number of reports are not published and are noted with an asterisk (*). Non-sampling errors occur during a survey process, but unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling mistakes between collection and publication. In this survey, all survey procedures and analyses were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses and the manufacturers' recommended rates are generally followed. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase, "agricultural chemicals," refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application rates: The application rates refer to an average weight of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. For this survey, rate per application is the average number of grams applied in one application. Rate per year is the average number of grams applied counting multiple applications. Carrier: An inert liquid, solid, or gas added to an active ingredient to make a pesticide dispense effectively. A carrier is also the material, usually water or oil, used to dilute the formulated product for application. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Diluent: Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient. Dips: Dip vats provide effective parasite control. Vats can be filled early in the season and used throughout the year. Because animals are wet thoroughly in a vat, good coverage is ensured. Drench: Drench treatments for livestock are formulated as pastes to be applied orally with a ready-to-use syringe. Drylot: An enclosed, unpaved area where the animals can move about freely and where they can feed along a feed apron, except during milking. Dust Bags/Hand Dusters: Dusts can be applied to animals by hand shakers or in self-treatment dust bags. Dust bags are most effective when used in forced-use situations especially where cattle have to pass under them daily to get to water or feed. Ear Tags: Ear tags and plastic devices can be impregnated with an insecticide. These ear tags are usually used for ear tick and horn fly control. Feed and Mineral Pesticide Additives: Certain pesticides may be administered as feed or mineral additives. Feed additives are used to prevent the development of fly larvae in animal feces. Feed additives target fly maggots breeding in fresh animal manure by controlling certain fly species whose maggot stages occur in animal manure. Feed Apron or Feed Bunk: A paved or hard surface along one side of a drylot where feed is provided to the animals. Freestall Barn: A barn where animals are managed in individual open stalls and are free to roam around. The animals can move about freely. Injectables: Pesticides applied by subcutaneous injection. Some injectables control internal parasites with added benefit of external control. Loafing Area: A resting area for cattle. Loafing sheds are structures that have at least one side open to the elements. This three-sided loafing shed offers protection from flies, summer sun, winter wind, rain, and storms. This type of structure is also known as a run-in shed Milking Parlor: A facility where lactating cows are managed before, during, and after milking. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Pour-Ons: Pour-on insecticides are formulated for direct application to the backlines of animals. The chemical is absorbed through the skin and circulates through the animal's system. Repellent: A pesticide used to keep target pests away from a treated area by saturating the area with an odor that is disagreeable to the pest. Rubbing Device (Backrubber, Face Rubber): Backrubbers are another method of insecticide self-treatment for cattle. Cattle bothered by insects rub against devices soaked with insecticides. Backrubbers are placed where animals move to and from, such as between watering areas and pasture. Spot-Ons: Spot-on pesticides are easily applied. This method involves applying a small amount of pesticide with specially designed applicators in a single area or 'spot' on the backlines of animals. Sprays : Emulsifiable concentrates, or soluble formulations are usually used with smaller sprayers. Animals are usually sprayed with enough solution to cover the animal thoroughly. Stanchion: A stanchion is a specially designed headgate to hold an animal in place while allowing feeding and resting. Synergist: A material which exhibits synergism; that is, the joint action of different agents results in an effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. Tie Stall Barn: A barn where animals are confined to stalls or stanchions and each cow is individually tied with a strap or chain. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations, as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Trade Name, Active Ingredient, and Pesticide Class The following is a list of the associated class, (I=insecticide) and active ingredients included in this report. Also provided are product trade names associated with the listed active ingredients reported in the survey. This list is provided as an aid in reviewing pesticide data. The list is not complete for all trade names used and NASS does not mean to imply the use of any specific trade name. ________________________________________________________________________ Class Active Ingredient Trade Name _________________________________________________________________________ I Abamectin Fatal Attraction I Amitraz Taktic I Bendiocarb Ficam I Bifenthrin Talstar I Bomyl Purina Fly Bait I Butoxypolypropylene glycol Straight Arrow Fly Spray I Carbaryl Sevin I Chlorpyrifos Dursban, Max-Con/Warrior EarTags I Clorsulon Ivomec Plus I Coal Tar Creosote Creosote I Coumaphos Co-Ral, Zip-Cide, Purina Cattle Duster I Crotoxyphos Purina Lice Powder I Cyfluthrin Countdown, Cylence, Tempo, Cutter Gold Ear Tags, Baythroid I Cypermethrin Demon, Max-Con/ZetaGard Ear Tags I Cyromazine Larvadex I Diazinon Diazinon, Dryzon, Knox Out, several ear tags I Dichlorvos several I Diflubenzuron Vigilante I Dimethoate Cygon, Dimethoate I Dioxathion Del-Tox I Dipropyl isocinchomeronate Tox-O-Wik I Doramectin Dectomax I Eprinomectin Eprinex I Ethion Commando Ear Tags I Famphur Warbex I Fenthion Lysoff, Spotton, Cutter Blue Ear Tags I Fenvalerate Ectrin I Flucythrinate Gurardian Ear Tag ____________________________________________________________________________ - - continued ___________________________________________________________________________ Class Active Ingredient Trade Name ___________________________________________________________________________ I Ivermectin Ivomec, Ivercide I Lambda-cyhalothrin Demand, Grenade, Saber, Warrior I Malathion Malathion I Methomyl Apache/Die Fly/Stimukil Fly Bait I Methoxychlor Marlate, Methoxychlor, Sur-Noxem I Moxidectin Cydectin I N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo. several I Naled Dibrom, Fly Killer D I Permethrin several I Petroleum distillate several I Phosmet Del-Phos, Prolate I Piperonyl butoxide everal I Pirimiphos-methyl Dominator/Double Barrel Ear Tags I Pyrethrins several I Pyriproxyfen Archer IGR I Ronnel Golden Marlin Fly Bait I S-methoprene Altoside, Extinguish, MoorMans IGR I Sulfur Sulfur Stock Block I Tetrachlorvinphos Several I Thiazine QuikStrike I Toxaphene Drycide I Tricosene Stimukil Fly Bait I Xylene Warbex I Zeta-cypermethrin Python Ear Tags ________________________________________________________________________________ Report Features Released May 29, 2002, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 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