United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Apples and Potatoes May 1998 National Agricultural Statistics Service Economics Research Service Ag Ch 1(98) Overview The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the Postharvest Chemical Use Surveys. Separate surveys were conducted for apples and potatoes in the summer of 1997, covering the 1996 crop. All results refer to pesticide applications after the crops were harvested. Data were collected during the summer to ensure that only the 1996 crop was included and that all applications were completed. The table below shows survey coverage for the 1996 marketing year. In the table, are statistics on the number of States surveyed, the number of reports summarized, and the percent of the U.S. production accounted for by the surveyed States. The following U.S. map shows the number of usable reports by State in the 1996 survey. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States : Reports : U.S. Production Crop : Surveyed : Summarized : Included -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Number --- Percent : Apples : 5 516 83 Potatoes, Fall : 9 996 92 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Highlights After harvest, apples and potatoes are generally marketed to processors or to the fresh market through packers and shippers. This is largely based on variety. A portion of these commodities goes from the orchard or field to the storage facility. These are later marketed either to the processors or to the packers and shippers for the fresh market as the need arises. For this report, if a processor also has a fresh packing line, these apples or potatoes are counted with the processor, not in the total for packers and shippers. The diagram following these comments demonstrates the postharvest marketing channel for apples and potatoes. Apples or potatoes moving from a storage operator to a packer and shipper will be duplicated in the total amount handled. The intent of the survey was to obtain the entire amount of chemicals applied to the apples or potatoes, so this duplication in quantity handled is necessary. No provision was made for cross-State movement. The State or region of origin of the apples or potatoes was not part of the survey, so all apples or potatoes handled in a survey State were included in this survey. Apples: Processors, packers and shippers, and storage facilities in five States were surveyed for the 1996 marketing year. These States accounted for 83 percent of the total U.S. apple production. Individual State totals for all five States are published for the percent of apples treated with pesticides by variety for all marketing segments (processors, packers and shippers, and storage operators). The total amount of pesticides applied for all varieties is published for each State. Due to the widespread use of washes, rates are not applicable. Washes are formulated based on the size of the dump tank, not necessarily the volume of apples being treated. Totals for all five States are published for the percent of apples treated with pesticides by variety and market segment. The total amount of pesticide applied to all varieties is published by market segment. Totals for all five states are also published in the "When Applied" tables by market segments. The percentages in these tables apply to the total amount handled. The data are broken out by regular storage and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Operators may treat the same quantity of apples prior to storage, during storage, and after storage. The percentages may not add across and compare with the percent applied to all varieties in the Five-State Total table for each agricultural chemical. State data are published for percent of apples treated with wax by variety. All market segments are combined in this table. The primary postharvest chemicals used on apples are diphenylamine and thiabendazole. Thiabendazole is a fungicide that prevents postharvest decay in apples. Diphenylamine is used to help control apple scald. Potatoes, Fall: Processors, packers and shippers, and storage operators in nine States were surveyed following the 1996 marketing year. These States accounted for 92 percent of the total U.S. fall potato production. In order to avoid disclosure of data from individual firms, State data for Colorado and Maine are published after combining the data from all market segments (processors, packers and shippers, and storage operators). Data for Washington, Idaho, and Oregon are combined into the Pacific Northwest region, while data for Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Wisconsin are combined into the Midwest region. Both regions are published by market segment. Totals for all nine States are published for the percent of potatoes treated with pesticides and the total amount applied for each market segment. Rates are also published. Totals for all nine states are also published in the "When Applied" tables by market segments. The percentages in these tables apply to the total amount handled. Operators may treat the same quantity of potatoes prior to storage, during storage, and after storage. The percentages may not add across and compare with the percent applied to all varieties in the Nine-State Total table for each agricultural chemical. The primary postharvest chemicals used on potatoes are chlorpropham and thiabendazole. Chlorpropham is used to inhibit sprouting. Thiabendazole is a fungicide used to control Fusarium spp., which causes dry rot. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, by Variety, California, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : : Diphenylamine : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * Thiabendazole : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 621,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, California, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Granny : Other Chemical : Fuji : Gala : Smith : Varieties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Chlorine : * * * * Diphenylamine : 22 * 63 * Piperonyl butoxide : * * 25 * Pyrethins : * * 25 * Sodium hypochlorite : 42 62 47 * Sodium o-phenylphenate : 29 26 13 * Thiabendazole : 36 * 29 * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 122,000 57,000 136,000 138,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- continued Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, California, 1996 Marketing Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Chlorine : * * Diphenylamine : 28 6.1 Piperonyl butoxide : 16 * Pyrethins : 16 * Sodium hypochlorite : 34 3.7 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 15 1.8 Thiabendazole : 22 .6 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 453,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, by Variety, California, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 147,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, by Variety, Michigan, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * Thiabendazole : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 462,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Michigan, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Crispin : : : Chemical : (Mutsu) : Empire : Fuji : Gala -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : * 69 19 6 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * Thiabendazole : * 59 * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 4,000 26,000 2,000 4,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Golden : : : Chemical : Delicious : Idared : Jonagold : Jonathan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * * Diphenylamine : 29 56 51 41 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * Thiabendazole : 26 42 49 31 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 34,000 29,000 4,000 27,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : Northern : Red : Chemical : McIntosh : Spy : Delicious : Rome -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : 28 53 61 57 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * * Thiabendazole : * * 50 49 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 16,000 17,000 70,000 38,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - continued Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Michigan, 1996 Marketing Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : Winesap/ : Other Chemical : Spartan : Stayman : Varieties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Diphenylamine : 57 41 3 Sodium hypochlorite : * * Thiabendazole : 57 14 3 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 3,000 2,000 11,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : 48 6.0 Sodium hypochlorite : * * Thiabendazole : 39 3.3 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 287,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, by Variety, Michigan, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Golden : : Red : Chemical : Delicious : Idared : Delicious : Rome -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Diphenylamine : * * 52 35 Thiabendazole : * * * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 12,000 12,000 12,000 13,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Other : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : 10 20 .6 Thiabendazole : * * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 32,000 81,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, by Variety, New York, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : 4 1.0 Sodium hypochlorite : * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * Thiabendazole : 4 .2 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 560,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, New York, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Golden : Chemical : Cortland : Empire : Delicious : Idared -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * * * Diphenylamine : 56 50 24 74 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * * * Thiabendazole : 47 51 * 74 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 15,000 66,000 27,000 14,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Paula : Red Chemical : Macoun : McIntosh : Red : Delicious -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : 6 6 Diphenylamine : * 44 * 85 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * * * Thiabendazole : 69 43 * 79 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 8,000 112,000 11,000 94,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Winesap/ : Other Chemical : Rome : Spartan : Stayman : Varieties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : 6 22 * * Diphenylamine : 92 76 84 27 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * * * Thiabendazole : 85 76 82 33 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 81,000 13,000 8,000 33,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : 5 1.0 Diphenylamine : 62 28.9 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * Thiabendazole : 60 44.2 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 482,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, by Variety, New York, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 50,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, by Variety, Pennsylvania, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : Red : Winesap/ : Other Chemical : Rome : Delicious : Stayman : Varieties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * * * Diphenylamine : 13 52 19 3 Hydrogen peroxide : * * Peroxyacetic acid : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * * * Thiabendazole : * * * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 35,000 53,000 5,000 137,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : 16 .2 Hydrogen peroxide : * * Peroxyacetic acid : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * Thiabendazole : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 230,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Pennsylvania, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Red : Chemical : Empire : McIntosh : Delicious : Rome -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * Chlorine : * * Diphenylamine : * * 57 46 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * * Thiabendazole : 8 7 35 35 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 4,000 7,000 36,000 11,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Winesap/ : Other : All : Total Chemical : Stayman : Varieties : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * * * Chlorine : * * Diphenylamine : 27 24 26 .9 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * * Thiabendazole : 25 18 37 .4 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 3,000 28,000 89,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications by Storage Operators, by Variety, Pennsylvania, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : * * Thiabendazole : * * : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 29,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications by Processors, by Variety, Washington, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * * Thiabendazole : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 1,611,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications by Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Washington, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : : Golden Chemical : Braeburn : Fuji : Gala : Delicious -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Diphenylamine : 18 25 * 6 Hydrogen chloride : * * * * Phosphoric acid : * * * * Sodium chlorite : * * * * Sodium hypochlorite : 28 55 19 21 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * 4 6 Thiabendazole : 50 68 55 62 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 76,000 340,000 189,000 832,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Granny : : Red : Chemical : Smith : Jonagold : Delicious : Rome -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Diphenylamine : 88 64 43 Hydrogen chloride : * * * * Phosphoric acid : * * * * Sodium chlorite : * * * * Sodium hypochlorite : 50 27 32 22 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * 8 * Thiabendazole : 92 59 75 65 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 279,000 36,000 2,176,000 48,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Other : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : * 45 89.9 Hydrogen chloride : * * * Phosphoric acid : * * * Sodium chlorite : * * * Sodium hypochlorite : 14 32 33.6 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * 7 3.8 Thiabendazole : 24 71 48.7 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 44,000 4,020,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, by Variety, Washington, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Diphenylamine : * * Thiabendazole : * * : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 315,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, by Variety, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Granny : Chemical : Cortland : Empire : Smith : McIntosh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * 3 * 3 Diphenylamine : 5 18 13 6 Sodium hypochlorite : * 15 * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * * Thiabendazole : * 17 * 5 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 30,000 35,000 187,000 99,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Red : : Winesap/ : Other Chemical : Delicious : Rome : Stayman : Varieties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : 4 2 6 * Diphenylamine : 12 4 8 * Hydrogen peroxide : * * Peroxyacetic acid : * * Sodium hypochlorite : * 5 * 6 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * * Thiabendazole : 11 3 * 2 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 631,000 190,000 16,000 2,296,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : 1 .7 Diphenylamine : 4 7.6 Hydrogen peroxide : * * Peroxyacetic acid : * * Sodium hypochlorite : 8 8.3 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 2 .5 Thiabendazole : 5 1.8 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 3,484,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. 1/ States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : : Chemical : Braeburn : Cortland : Crispin : Empire -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * * * Diphenylamine : 19 48 5 53 Hydrogen chloride : * Phosphoric acid : * Sodium chlorite : * Sodium hypochlorite : 27 * * 3 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * 32 * Thiabendazole : 49 42 4 51 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 77,000 18,000 13,000 96,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Golden : Granny Chemical : Fuji : Gala : Delicious : Smith -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * Chlorine : * * * Diphenylamine : 24 9 7 80 Hydrogen chloride : * * * * Phosphoric acid : * * * * Piperonyl butoxide : * * 8 Pyrethrins : * * 8 Sodium chlorite : * * * * Sodium hypochlorite : 52 * 18 49 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 9 9 6 8 Thiabendazole : 59 45 54 71 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 465,000 252,000 987,000 416,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : : Chemical : Idared : Jonagold : Jonamac : Jonathan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : 2 * * Diphenylamine : 61 6 * 35 Hydrogen chloride : * Phosphoric acid : * Sodium chlorite : * Sodium hypochlorite : * 24 * 4 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 13 * * * Thiabendazole : 52 55 54 27 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 45,000 43,000 14,000 32,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- continued Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, by Variety, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : : Northern : Paula Chemical : Macoun : McIntosh : Spy : Red -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : : Captan : 5 Chlorine : * Diphenylamine : * 39 51 40 Sodium hypochlorite : * * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : * 26 * Thiabendazole : 68 36 44 40 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 9,000 135,000 18,000 17,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Red : : : Winesap/ Chemical : Delicious : Rome : Spartan : Stayman -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Captan : * 4 16 * Chlorine : * Diphenylamine : 64 68 69 62 Hydrogen chloride : * * Phosphoric acid : * * * Sodium chlorite : * * Sodium hypochlorite : 29 8 * * Sodium o-phenylphenate : 9 27 * * Thiabendazole : 73 69 69 58 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 2,406,000 179,000 18,000 17,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Other : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * 1 1.3 Chlorine : * 1 1.0 Diphenylamine : 11 46 131.8 Hydrogen chloride : * 5 8.8 Phosphoric acid : * 2 46.0 Piperonyl butoxide : * 1 * Pyrethrins : * 1 * Sodium chlorite : * 5 .3 Sodium hypochlorite : 8 27 37.5 Sodium o-phenylphenate : * 10 5.9 Thiabendazole : 25 63 97.3 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 74,000 5,331,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. 1/ States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, by Variety, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : : Golden : Red : Chemical : Empire : Delicious : Delicious : Rome -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Diphenylamine : 51 * 23 24 Thiabendazole : * 8 22 24 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 7,000 122,000 211,000 20,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Other : All : Total Chemical : Varieties : Varieties : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * * Diphenylamine : 16 16 4.8 Sodium hypochlorite : 20 9 1.9 Thiabendazole : 1 11 1.6 : : 1,000 Lbs : Volume Handled : 262,000 622,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. 1/ States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, When Applied, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :----------------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not : Total : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Stored : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Percent of Volume Treated --- 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * 1 * * .7 Diphenylamine : * 4 * * 7.6 Hydrogen : peroxide : * * Peroxyacetic : acid : * * Sodium : hypochlorite: 3 2 3 1 8.3 Sodium : o-phenyl. : 2 .5 Thiabendazole : * 5 1.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by processors in the five States surveyed was 3.5 billion pounds. States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers When Applied, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :-----------------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not : Total : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Stored : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Percent of Volume Treated --- 1,000 Lbs : : Captan : * * * 1.3 Chlorine : * * 1.0 Diphenylamine : 6 40 * * * 131.8 Hydrogen : chloride : * 5 8.8 Phosphoric : acid : 1 * 1 46.0 Piperonyl : butoxide : * * * Pyrethins : * * * Sodium : chlorite : * 5 .3 Sodium : hypochlorite: 3 2 2 10 13 37.5 Sodium : o-phenyl. : 1 4 2 * 3 5.9 Thiabendazole : 8 41 * 9 22 * 97.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by packers and shippers in the five States surveyed was 5.3 billion pounds. States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators When Applied, Five-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :----------------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not : Total : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Regular : CA : Stored : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Percent of Volume Treated --- 1,000 Lbs : Captan : * * Diphenylamine : * 14 * 4.8 Sodium : hypochlorite: 9 1.9 Thiabendazole : 11 1.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by storage operators in the five States surveyed was 0.6 billion pounds. States included are CA, MI, NY, PA, and WA. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Apples: Postharvest Wax Applications Processors, Packers and Shippers, and Storage Operators by State, 1996 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : Five-State Variety : CA : MI : NY : PA : WA : Total -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Volume Treated : Braeburn : 64 64 Cortland : 23 19 32 20 Crispin : 16 5 47 9 Empire : 32 36 58 56 36 Fuji : 55 80 66 62 Gala : 75 39 77 58 62 Golden Delicious: 2 7 17 21 18 Granny Smith : 54 57 64 59 Idared : 17 13 10 15 Jerseymac : 68 13 Jonathan : 39 6 15 40 10 Jonagold : 26 28 55 63 57 Jonamac : 49 59 58 Macoun : 64 62 McIntosh : 61 14 22 40 23 Paula Red : 26 49 68 42 Red Delicious : 30 38 40 51 57 55 Rome : 15 33 23 31 26 Spartan : 49 82 58 Winesap/Stayman : 35 27 33 Other Varieties : 1 4 15 3 20 3 : All Varieties : 30 16 23 29 45 38 : : Billion Pounds : Total Handled : 1.2 .8 1.1 .3 5.9 9.4* -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Totals handled does not add across due to rounding. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, Packers and Shippers, and Storage Operators, Colorado, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 45 1.0 .0022 .0023 37.5 Thiabendazole : 37 1.0 .0006 .0006 8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Colorado processors, packers and shippers and storage operators was 35,757,000 cwt. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Streptomycin sulfate, Maneb, Sodium hypochlorite, and Captan. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, Packers and Shippers, and Storage Operators, Maine, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 16 1.0 .0017 .0017 5.6 Thiabendazole : 43 1.0 .0007 .0007 6.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Maine processors, packers and shippers and storage operators was 20,970,000 cwt. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Calcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite, and Chlorine. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, Midwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 37 1.0 .0015 .0015 26.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Midwest processors was 47,167,000 cwt. Midwest region includes MI, MN, ND, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Thiabendazole. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, Midwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 42 1.4 .0015 .0021 21.8 Thiabendazole : 8 1.0 .0006 .0006 1.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Midwest Shippers and Handlers was 24,983,000 cwt. Midwest region includes MI, MN, ND, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Sodium hypochlorite. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, Midwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 41 1.1 .0014 .0015 25.4 Thiabendazole : 14 1.0 .0012 .0012 6.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Midwest storage operators was 39,917,000 cwt. Midwest region includes MI, MN, ND, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Mancozeb, Sodium hypochlorite, and Chlorine dioxide. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, Pacific Northwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 29 1.1 .0019 .0021 108.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Pacific Northwest processors was 173,482,000 cwt. Pacific Northwest region includes ID, OR, and WA. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorine dioxide and Thiabendazole. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, Pacific Northwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Calcium hypochlorite : 27 1.0 .0010 .0011 19.6 Chlorpropham : 54 1.1 .0014 .0016 57.8 Thiabendazole : 16 1.0 .0009 .0009 9.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Pacific Northwest packers and shippers was 67,671,000 cwt. Pacific Northwest region includes ID, OR, and WA. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorine and Chlorine dioxide. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, Pacific Northwest, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 56 1.1 .0023 .0026 162.6 Thiabendazole : 13 1.0 .0011 .0011 14.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Pacific Northwest storage operators was 111,400,000 cwt. Pacific Northwest region includes ID, OR, and WA. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Mancozeb. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Processors, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 30 1.1 .0018 .0020 137.6 Thiabendazole : 4 1.0 .0007 .0007 5.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by processors in the nine States surveyed was 228,558,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Sodium hypochlorite and Chlorine dioxide. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Packers and Shippers, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Calcium hypochlorite : 14 1.0 .0010 .0011 19.7 Chlorine : 2 1.0 .0007 .0007 2.1 Chlorpropham : 49 1.2 .0016 .0019 117.7 Thiabendazole : 22 1.0 .0007 .0007 20.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by packers and shippers in the nine States surveyed was 129,112,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Streptomycin sulfate, Maneb, Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorine dioxide, and Captan. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications Storage Operators, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per Cwt 1,000 Lbs : Chlorpropham : 49 1.1 .0021 .0024 190.3 Thiabendazole : 15 1.0 .0010 .0010 26.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by storage operators in the nine States surveyed was 163,677,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data Mancozeb, Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorine, and Chlorine dioxide. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Processors: When Applied, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :--------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not Stored : :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: : Total :Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate: Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs 1,000 Lbs : per per per per : Cwt Cwt Cwt Cwt : Chlorine : dioxide : * * Chlorpropham : 24 .0020 7 .0017 137.6 Sodium : hypochlorite: * * * Thiabendazole : 2 .0008 * 5.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by processors in the nine States surveyed was 228,558,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Packers and Shippers When Applied, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :--------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not Stored : :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: : Total :Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate: Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs 1,000 Lbs : per per per per : Cwt Cwt Cwt Cwt : Calcium : hypochlorite: * 14 .0010 19.7 Captan : * * Chlorine : * * * 2.1 Chlorine : dioxide : * * * Chlorpropham : * 25 .0021 26 .0014 * 117.7 Maneb : * * Sodium : hypochlorite: * * * Streptomycin : sulfate : * * Thiabendazole : 18 .0008 2 .0005 2 .0002 20.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by packers and shippers in the nine States surveyed was 129,112,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Potatoes: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Storage Operators When Applied, Nine-State Total, 1996 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Storage : : Active :--------------------------------------: : Ingredient : Before : During : After : Not Stored : :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: :Percent: : Total :Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate:Treated:Rate: Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs Percent Lbs 1,000 Lbs : per per per per : Cwt Cwt Cwt Cwt : Chlorine : * * Chlorine : dioxide : * * Chlorpropham : * 43 .0021 6 .0042 190.3 Mancozeb : * * * Sodium : hypochlorite: * * Thiabendazole : 10 .0011 5 .0010 * 26.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/ Volume handled by storage operators in the nine States surveyed was 163,677,000 cwt. States included are CO, ID, MI, MN, ME, ND, OR, WA, and WI. * Insufficient reports to publish usage data. Survey Procedures: Operations were chosen from the NASS List Sampling Frame known or expected to handle apples or potatoes. Generally, all operations known to engage in processing or packing and shipping were included, while operations engaged only in storage were sampled. Estimation procedures: The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name were reviewed within state and across states for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturer's recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Estimates were made based on market segments. Three market segments were identified: processors, packers and shippers, and storage operators. If an operation reported processing a target commodity as well as storing it, they were classified as a processor for summary purposes and all their data were summarized in that category. If an operation with storage did no processing or packing and shipping, they were summarized as a storage facility. Market segment estimates are not mutually exclusive as the same apples or potatoes may have been treated by a storage facility and then treated again by a packer/shipper or processor as the product moved to market. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability: The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results are affected by sampling variability and nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process, and unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analysis were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses, are recommended by the manufacturer of the product, and are generally followed. Sampling variability of the estimates differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as chlorpropham on potatoes, will exhibit less variability than a rarely used product. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase agricultural chemicals refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application Rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. CA Storage: CA storage, or controlled atmosphere storage, is a storage facility in which the atmospheric gasses are controlled in their amount or in temperature for the purpose of controlling the condition and maturity of fresh apples or pears. Certified and non-certified controlled atmosphere storage facilities were in this survey. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. Market Segment: The market channel was divided into three segments; processors, shippers and handlers, and storage operators. These were chosen to categorize the postharvest chemical usage by type of operation. Packers and Shippers: Packers and shippers generally prepare the commodity for fresh market distribution. They may have storage facilities as well. Those elements of the commodity which do not meet the fresh market standards are often shipped to processors. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have storage facilities as well. Storage Operators: Storage operators store the commodity prior to processing or fresh market distribution. If these operators had processing facilities or packing and shipping facilities, they were included those market segments and excluded from the storage operator segment. Total Volume Handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity that passed through the firms summarized in the particular table. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Volume treated: The amount that represents the percentage of total volume handled receiving one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common name, associated class and trade name of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are herbicides (H), insecticides (I), fungicides (F), and other chemicals (O). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on apples and potatoes, and NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class : Common Name : Trade Name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ O Calcium hypochlorite several F Captan Captan O Chlorine Chlorine O Chlorine dioxide Oxine O Chlorpropham Sprout Nip, CIPC O Diphenylamine several O Hydrogen chloride Fresh Pak 2 O Hydrogen peroxide Tsunami 100 F Mancozeb Dithane F Maneb Potato Seed Treater AS O Peroxyacetic acid Tsunami 100 O Phosphoric acid Phos-Circ I Piperonyl butoxide Pyrenone Flexi-Dust I Pyrethrins Pyrenone Flexi-Dust O Sodium chlorite Ivr-San 15 O Sodium hypochlorite several O Sodium o-phenylphenate several F Streptomycin sulfate Potato Seed Treater AS F Thiabendazole several ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Report Features Released May 20, 1998, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-2127, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The next "Agricultural Chemical Usage: Postharvest Applications" will be released during the spring of 1999. This report will cover the use of postharvest chemicals used on wheat and corn during the 1997 marketing year. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. James A. Ewing, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-2284 Glenn Strasburg, Environmental Statistician (202) 720-7492 C. Ray Halley, Chief, Crops Branch (202) 720-2127 Bill Dowdy, Head, Field Crops Section (202) 720-3843 Vince Matthews, Head, Fruits, Vegetable and (202) 720-3843 Special Crops Section Listed below is the contact within the Economic Research Service for additional information. Robert Reinsel, Data and Survey Coordinator Resource Economic Division (202) 694-5506 Index Page Postharvest Chemical Use Tables Apples ............................................................... 4 Potatoes ............................................................. 22 Survey Procedures ...................................................... 28 Estimation Procedures .................................................. 28 Reliability ............................................................ 28 Highlights ............................................................. 2 Overview ............................................................... 1 Report Features ........................................................ 32 Terms and Definitions .................................................. 29 Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes ................................. 31 Released May 20, 1998, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage-Postharvest Applications" call (202) 720-2128, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ACCESS TO REPORTS!! 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