United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Corn and Wheat March 1999 National Agricultural Statistics Service Ag Ch 1(99) Postharvest Chemical Use Estimates for Corn and Wheat Overview: The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the Postharvest Chemical Use Surveys. Separate surveys were conducted for corn and wheat in the summer of 1998, covering the 1997 crop. All results refer to pesticide applications made at the grain storage facility after the crops were harvested. On-farm applications were beyond the scope of this survey. The time frame for these applications were September 1, 1997 to August 31, 1998 for corn and June 1, 1997 to May 31, 1998 for wheat, which correspond to the marketing year. The table below shows survey coverage for the 1997 marketing year. The table includes statistics on the number of States surveyed, the number of reports summarized, and the percent of the U.S. production accounted for by the surveyed States. The following U.S. map shows the number of summarized reports by State in the 1998 survey. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 1997 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States : Reports : U.S. Production Crop : Surveyed : Summarized : Included in Surveyed : : : States -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Number --- Percent : Corn : 8 1,678 74 Wheat : 14 1,956 82 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After harvest, corn and wheat are generally marketed through local and/or terminal elevators, except that which is used on farm. A large portion of the corn crop and some of the wheat is used in livestock feed. This grain may be pulled out of the marketing channel at any point. Processors are also a recipient of the grain at any point along the marketing channel. The diagram following these comments demonstrates the postharvest marketing channel for corn and wheat. Corn and wheat moving from a local elevator to a terminal elevator will be duplicated in the total amount handled. The intent of the survey was to obtain the entire amount of chemicals applied to the corn or wheat, so this duplication in quantity handled is necessary. No provision was made for cross-State movement. The State or region of origin of the corn or wheat was not part of the survey, so all of the corn or wheat handled in a survey State were included in this survey. For both corn and wheat, totals for the States surveyed and individual State totals are published for the percent of grain treated, number of applications, rate per application, rate per marketing year, and the total amount of active ingredient that was applied. A table detailing total pesticide usage by class for the surveyed States is also included. Total volume handled was rounded to 10 million bushels. Grain storage operators were also asked a series of questions concerning their pest management practices. These questions are summarized and included in the report. A copy of the survey instrument, or questionnaire, that was used to collect the data is also included. Highlights Corn: Grain storage operators in eight major corn producing States were surveyed following the 1997 marketing year. These States accounted for 74 percent of the total U.S. corn production. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on corn in the surveyed States were aluminum phosphide and malathion based on percent of grain treated. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, and is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, it is classified as an insecticide by the EPA. Malathion is an insecticide. Some grain storage facilities reported applying metalaxyl and captan, which are seed treatments, to corn. Wheat: Grain storage operators in fourteen major wheat producing States were surveyed following the 1997 marketing year. These States accounted for 82 percent of the total U.S. wheat production. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on wheat in the surveyed States were aluminum phosphide and malathion based on percent of grain treated. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, and is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, it is classified as an insecticide by the EPA. Malathion is an insecticide. Several seed treatments were reported for wheat. These include: difenoconazole, imazalil, imidacloprid, lindane, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and thiram. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1997 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :------------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs Lbs Lbs : IL : 1,520 1.69 4.6 IN : 780 1.41 4.5 IA : 1,400 1.37 37.0 0.16 31.4 KS : 310 3.36 1.9 MN 1/ : 1,040 0.89 2.0 NE : 770 1.54 4.1 OH 1/ : 420 2.34 1.9 TX : 260 18.88 21.0 : Tot.1/: 6,500 2.25 77.0 0.04 31.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for one or more of the pesticide classes. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications States Surveyed, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 1.56 1.1 0.20 0.22 21.8 Malathion : 0.45 1.0 0.26 0.27 8.1 Methyl bromide : 0.01 1.0 2.04 2.04 1.8 Pirimiphos-methyl : 0.15 1.0 0.38 0.38 3.6 Silicon dioxide : 0.12 1.0 5.30 5.30 41.6 : Fungicides: : Captan : 0.03 1.0 13.51 13.51 27.8 Metalaxyl : 0.03 1.0 0.72 0.72 1.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the eight States surveyed was 6.5 billion bushels. States included are IL, IN, IA, KS, MN, NE, OH, and TX. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carbon dioxide, Chloropicin, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Cyfluthrin, d-trans-allethrin, Fludioxonil, Bicycloheptene, Magnesium phosphide, Petroleum distillate, Piperonyl butoxide, Propionic acid, and Pyrethrins. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Illinois, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 1.57 1.0 0.18 0.18 4.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Illinois grain storage facilities was 1.5 billion bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Pirimiphos-methyl and Malathion. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Indiana, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.87 1.0 0.15 0.15 1.0 Malathion : 0.51 1.3 0.36 0.47 1.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Indiana grain storage facilities was 780 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Methyl bromide and Pirimiphos-methyl. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Iowa, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.31 1.0 0.13 0.13 0.6 Malathion : 0.46 1.0 0.38 0.39 2.5 Pirimiphos-methyl : 0.42 1.0 0.48 0.48 2.8 Silicon dioxide : 0.31 1.0 7.19 7.19 31.1 : Fungicides: : Captan : 0.15 1.0 13.51 13.51 27.8 Metalaxyl : 0.16 1.0 0.72 0.72 1.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Iowa grain storage facilities was 1.4 billion bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos and Fludioxonil. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Kansas, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 3.21 1.0 0.17 0.17 1.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 310 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion, Methyl bromide, and Pirimiphos-methyl. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Minnesota, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.26 1.0 0.15 0.15 0.4 Malathion : 0.58 1.0 0.24 0.24 1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Minnesota grain storage facilities was 1.0 billion bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chloropicrin, Magnesium phosphide, Methyl bromide, and Silicon dioxide. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Nebraska, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 1.33 1.0 0.35 0.37 3.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Nebraska grain storage facilities was 770 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion, Methyl bromide, and Pirimiphos-methyl. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Ohio, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.81 1.0 0.21 0.22 0.7 Malathion : 1.46 1.0 0.16 0.16 1.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Ohio grain storage facilities was 420 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Bicycloheptene, Cyfluthrin, d-trans-Allethrin, Petroleum distillate, Piperonyl butoxide, Pirimiphos-methyl, Propionic acid, Pyrethrins, and Silicon dioxide. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications Texas, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 15.50 1.2 0.20 0.23 9.4 Malathion : 1.85 1.0 0.17 0.17 0.8 Pirimiphos-methyl : 0.66 1.0 0.34 0.34 0.6 Silicon dioxide : 1.10 1.0 3.59 3.59 10.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Texas grain storage facilities was 260 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carbon dioxide and Chlorpyrifos-methyl. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1997 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :------------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs Lbs Lbs : CO : 90 12.66 5.6 ID : 120 11.92 3.9 0.03 1.7 KS 1/ : 780 22.23 62.3 MN : 170 0.41 0.3 M0 1/ : 110 18.25 5.4 MT : 170 3.55 3.6 0.17 5.0 NE : 140 23.48 8.0 ND : 330 1.90 1.4 OH : 70 10.31 1.1 OK : 260 27.63 15.5 OR 1/ : 290 15.03 3.5 SD : 100 5.25 1.6 TX 1/ : 590 12.89 16.2 WA : 390 11.82 46.9 0.22 15.1 : Total : 3,610 14.21 175.3 0.03 21.9 0.02 1.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for one or more of the pesticide classes. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications State Surveyed, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 11.56 1.0 0.18 0.19 78.0 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 1.35 1.0 0.23 0.23 11.2 Lindane : 0.02 1.0 11.70 11.78 8.8 Malathion : 1.47 1.0 0.40 0.40 21.4 Methyl bromide : 0.35 1.0 2.79 2.83 36.1 Silicon dioxide : 0.22 1.0 2.33 2.33 18.9 : Fungicides: : Cyfluthrin : 0.01 1.0 0.24 0.24 0.1 Difenoconazole : 0.02 1.0 9.56 9.65 5.9 Tebuconazole : 0.01 1.0 0.93 0.93 0.3 Thiram : 0.01 1.1 27.72 30.03 12.6 : Other Chemicals: : Chloropicrin : 0.02 1.0 2.28 2.28 1.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the fourteen States surveyed was 3.6 billion bushels. States included are CO, ID, KS, MN, MO, MT, NE, ND, OH, OK, OR, SD, TX, and WA. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carbon dioxide, Carboxin, Imazalil, Imidacloprid, Magnesium phosphide, Metalaxyl, Methoxychlor, Petroleum distillate, Pirimiphos-methyl, Piperonyl butoxide, Pyrethrins, and Silica gel. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Colorado, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 11.85 1.0 0.22 0.22 2.2 Methyl bromide : 1.56 1.0 2.51 2.51 3.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Colorado grain storage facilities was 90 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Malathion. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Idaho, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 6.43 1.0 0.24 0.24 1.8 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 5.86 1.0 0.28 0.28 1.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Idaho grain storage facilities was 120 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carboxin, Difenoconazole, Malathion, Silicon dioxide, Tebuconazole, and Thiram. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Kansas, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 20.28 1.0 0.18 0.18 28.5 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 0.52 1.0 0.18 0.18 0.7 Malathion : 0.26 1.0 0.68 0.68 1.4 Methyl Bromide : 1.24 1.0 2.97 3.01 29.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 780 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Silicon dioxide and Chloropicrin. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Minnesota, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide 2/: 0.12 1.0 0.17 0.17 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 0.21 1.0 0.35 0.35 0.1 Malathion : 0.12 1.0 0.43 0.43 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Minnesota grain storage facilities was 170 million bushels. 2/ Total applied is less than 50 pounds. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Missouri, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 14.89 1.0 0.18 0.18 3.0 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 1.86 1.0 0.31 0.33 0.7 Malathion : 1.96 1.0 0.54 0.54 1.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Missouri grain storage facilities was 110 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carboxin, Methoxychlor, Petroleum distillate, Piperonyl butoxide, Pirimiphos-methyl, Pyrethrins, Silicon dioxide, and Thiram. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Montana, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 2.88 1.0 0.23 0.24 1.2 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 0.43 1.0 0.30 0.30 0.2 Malathion : 0.32 1.0 0.33 0.33 0.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Montana grain storage facilities was 170 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carboxin, Difenoconazole, Imazilil, Lindane, Metalaxyl, Silicon dioxide, Tebuconazole, and Thiram. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Nebraska, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 21.96 1.0 0.12 0.12 3.7 Malathion : 1.31 1.0 0.42 0.42 0.7 Methyl bromide : 0.83 1.0 3.13 3.13 3.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Nebraska grain storage facilities was 140 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Cyfluthrin. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications North Dakota, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.53 1.0 0.21 0.21 0.4 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 1.37 1.0 0.14 0.14 0.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by North Dakota grain storage facilities was 330 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion, Magnesium phosphide, and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Ohio, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 8.63 1.0 0.12 0.12 0.8 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 0.70 1.0 0.15 0.15 0.1 Malathion : 0.68 1.1 0.29 0.33 0.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Ohio grain storage facilities was 70 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Cyfluthrin, Petroleum distillate, Piperonyl butoxide, Pyrethrins, Silica gel, and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Oklahoma, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 27.10 1.1 0.19 0.20 13.9 Malathion : 0.72 1.1 0.73 0.78 1.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Oklahoma grain storage facilities was 260 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Oregon, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 1.93 1.0 0.21 0.21 1.2 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 1.22 1.0 0.13 0.13 0.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Oregon grain storage facilities was 290 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Difenoconazole, Imidacloprid, Lindane, Malathion, Methyl bromide, Petroleum distillate, Piperonyl butoxide, Pyrethrins, and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications South Dakota, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 3.81 1.0 0.22 0.22 0.8 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 1.17 1.0 0.26 0.26 0.3 Malathion : 0.41 1.0 0.60 0.60 0.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by South Dakota grain storage facilities was 100 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Methyl bromide and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Texas, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 12.84 1.0 0.18 0.19 14.1 Malathion : 0.75 1.0 0.43 0.43 1.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Texas grain storage facilities was 590 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carbon dioxide, Chloropicrin, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, and Silicon dioxide. Wheat: Postharvest Chemical Applications Washington, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 6.90 1.0 0.24 0.24 6.4 Chlorpyrifos-methyl : 6.09 1.0 0.25 0.25 6.0 Lindane : 0.17 1.0 10.55 10.63 6.9 : Fungicides: : Carboxin : 0.02 1.1 17.73 19.16 1.2 Difenoconazole : 0.12 1.0 10.98 11.10 5.2 Tebuconazole : 0.06 1.0 0.93 0.93 0.2 Thiram : 0.07 1.1 27.94 31.58 8.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Washington grain storage facilities was 390 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Imazilil, Imidacloprid, Malathion, and Silicon dioxide. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Corn, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN : NE : OH : TX :ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 38 39 42 45 38 50 46 40 42 Deep bin sampler : 3 5 8 4 6 13 3 10 6 Grain spreader in bins : 18 12 32 9 28 20 27 16 21 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 12 7 4 48 9 15 18 23 15 Power probe : 39 36 38 18 12 41 30 20 32 Protein analyzer : 2 5 7 13 16 12 5 14 8 Re-circulation fumigation device : 1 2 5 3 2 6 13 3 Temperature cables in bins : 54 43 38 76 43 45 69 27 50 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 84 86 89 85 82 84 89 71 85 Clean/screen grain : 4 1 1 1 Clean surrounding areas : 4 2 11 6 6 17 5 Control vegetation around bins : 98 97 99 98 97 93 97 96 97 Core bins after filling : 86 85 80 39 68 57 73 36 71 Fumigate empty bins : 10 10 18 3 13 7 Hose down empty bins : 9 12 15 7 14 4 12 20 11 Pick up spilled grain : 99 99 100 99 97 100 100 95 99 Sweep empty bins : 99 99 98 94 92 95 95 91 96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Descriptions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Corn, 1997 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN : NE : OH : TX :ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 22 39 30 34 23 30 44 30 30 Every two weeks : 27 8 27 13 16 29 7 29 21 Monthly : 25 33 26 40 38 29 29 26 30 Other : 15 13 15 9 6 9 10 12 12 Do not inspect : 11 7 2 4 17 3 10 3 7 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 24 39 27 27 23 35 36 26 29 Every two weeks : 27 12 23 14 21 26 12 24 21 Monthly : 28 30 30 44 39 32 34 31 32 Other : 12 10 9 11 9 4 12 11 10 Do not inspect : 9 9 11 4 8 3 6 8 8 : : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 31 42 43 55 47 42 59 41 43 Every two weeks : 23 6 33 18 12 23 9 17 19 Monthly : 15 14 13 18 14 21 10 10 15 Other : 15 7 6 5 3 8 15 12 10 Do not inspect : 16 31 5 4 24 6 7 20 13 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 33 36 33 40 31 36 45 21 34 Every two weeks : 24 9 20 12 12 18 13 13 17 Monthly : 17 14 13 25 32 24 16 14 19 Other : 12 7 7 13 7 11 6 11 10 Do not inspect : 14 34 27 10 18 11 20 41 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Wheat, 1997 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : CO : ID : KS : MN : MO : MT : NE : ND : OH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 48 32 50 41 39 18 44 41 52 Deep bin sampler : 8 7 6 5 3 9 23 9 5 Grain spreader in bins : 7 4 6 15 10 3 20 6 24 Power probe : 21 14 28 13 13 7 39 10 37 Protein analyzer : 58 18 13 55 7 73 28 97 4 Re-circulation fumigation device : 9 9 4 4 9 4 2 4 7 Temperature cables in bins : 55 7 66 38 29 7 46 21 71 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 81 69 74 81 72 42 89 78 94 Clean/screen grain : 10 1 1 12 Clean surrounding areas : 1 8 4 3 6 6 Control vegetation around bins : 94 90 98 97 94 98 97 98 97 Core bins after filling : 56 32 36 63 64 40 59 61 66 Fumigate empty bins : 15 9 11 1 26 10 7 Hose down empty bins : 16 19 6 7 12 6 5 9 12 Pick up spilled grain : 98 91 99 97 95 99 99 99 99 Sweep empty bins : 96 89 90 93 91 89 95 97 99 Vacuum bins : 1 4 7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : OK : OR : SD : TX : WA : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations - Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 56 31 32 46 47 44 Deep bin sampler : 5 23 9 12 4 9 Grain spreader in bins : 3 5 6 9 4 10 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 55 13 20 35 55 30 Power probe : 11 9 14 27 6 21 Protein analyzer : 11 32 78 24 35 36 Re-circulation fumigation device : 16 7 5 16 2 7 Temperature cables in bins : 55 9 23 36 12 42 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 70 60 73 77 61 76 Clean/screen grain : 7 2 Clean surrounding areas : 3 4 1 19 5 Control vegetation around bins : 99 89 99 95 100 97 Core bins after filling : 35 35 52 35 49 49 Fumigate empty bins : 35 21 4 10 15 11 Hose down empty bins : 23 28 5 18 19 11 Pick up spilled grain : 99 87 99 94 100 98 Sweep empty bins : 87 91 94 87 93 92 Vacuum bins : 1 12 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Definitions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Wheat, 1997 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : CO : ID : KS : MN : MO : MT : NE : ND : OH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 15 17 31 17 47 21 24 30 53 Every two weeks : 17 31 13 22 6 15 23 23 7 Monthly : 56 39 39 28 28 32 37 34 22 Other : 7 9 14 19 10 27 15 5 10 Do not inspect : 5 4 3 14 9 5 1 8 8 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 21 23 24 19 37 18 28 17 46 Every two weeks : 19 17 24 21 16 17 28 26 10 Monthly : 49 34 39 40 29 40 32 52 26 Other : 8 17 6 7 8 14 8 3 10 Do not inspect : 3 9 7 13 10 11 4 2 8 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 40 12 53 24 62 16 44 10 59 Every two weeks : 22 16 15 12 3 21 21 11 Monthly : 13 17 22 3 10 11 21 30 10 Other : 5 25 6 9 19 17 10 10 12 Do not inspect : 20 30 4 52 6 56 4 29 8 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 30 6 46 19 30 9 31 13 49 Every two weeks : 16 10 19 12 7 5 23 18 13 Monthly : 21 21 17 26 19 16 24 30 15 Other : 7 24 12 8 10 11 9 10 5 Do not inspect : 26 39 6 35 34 59 13 29 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Wheat, 1997 Marketing Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : OK : OR : SD : TX : WA : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 27 37 6 26 19 30 Every two weeks : 22 6 33 25 30 18 Monthly : 42 33 52 26 29 35 Other : 5 18 6 19 19 12 Do not inspect : 4 6 3 4 3 5 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 16 29 17 20 24 24 Every two weeks : 30 11 31 29 26 23 Monthly : 42 32 43 23 36 38 Other : 8 17 3 15 12 8 Do not inspect : 4 11 6 13 2 7 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Weekly : 36 37 3 40 10 41 Every two weeks : 16 6 35 15 17 16 Monthly : 24 14 8 14 27 18 Other : 7 20 11 8 19 10 Do not inspect : 17 23 43 23 27 15 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Weekly : 36 29 13 18 12 27 Every two weeks : 11 6 25 15 14 16 Monthly : 27 11 24 14 31 22 Other : 7 18 7 10 19 10 Do not inspect : 19 36 31 43 24 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Survey Procedures: Operations chosen from the NASS List Sampling Frame were known to or expected to provide off-farm storage for corn and wheat. The sample was selected with probability proportional to size in terms of the amount of corn or wheat reported by the operation on one of NASS's quarterly Grain Stocks Surveys in 1997. Estimation Procedures: The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name were reviewed within State and across States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturer's recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability: The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results are affected by sampling variability and nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process, and unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non- response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analysis were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses and the manufacturer's recommended rates extra space are generally followed. Sampling variability of the estimates also differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as aluminum phosphide on corn in Texas, will exhibit less variability than a rarely used or reported product. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Aeration Controller: Automatic (usually computer-based) system that determines the optimum running time (considering humidity and temperature) for aeration fans on the grain bins. They can usually be set for drying or storage mode. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase agricultural chemicals refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application Rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Core bins after filling: When grain is placed into a bin, it is usually filled from the top. The grain forms a cone as if fills the bin. Because grain contains other things (including broken pieces of grain), smaller particles (called fines) tend to concentrate in the center of the bin. This finer material compacts, restricting airflow which in turn affects grain temperatures and thus pests. For this reason, it is recommended that a portion of grain is extracted from the bottom center of the bin. This core can then be reloaded onto the top and spread over the surface to distribute the fines evenly. Deep bin sampler: Usually a vacuum type device that allows you to reach deep into a grain bin and sample grain that is normally out of reach to typical probe samplers. Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances which produce a gas vapor, fume or smoke intended to destroy insects, rodents, or bacteria. Grain spreader: When grain is loaded into the grain bin, it can first be put through a spreader which swings the grain out from the fall line and fills the bin uniformly rather than forming a cone in the center of the bin. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. The marketing year for corn was September 1, 1997 to August 31, 1998, and June 1, 1997 to May 31, 1998 for wheat. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Phosphine pellet dispenser: Manually or automatically dispenses phosphine pellets to a stream of grain as it is being loaded. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Power probe: A fully integrated mechanized system for sampling stationary lots of grain in trucks or similar conveyance. It obtains a representative sample by inserting a probe like device into grain, opening the probe to allow grain to enter, closing, and then the sample is pneumatically withdrawn from the probe. Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have storage facilities as well. Protein analyzer: Usually infrared analyzers that can, within a matter of minutes, determine the composition of grain. Values obtained can include protein, oil, and starch content, moisture content, and kernel density. Re-circulation fumigation device: A fan that is combined with PVC pipe on the outside of a grain bin. The PVC runs from the top down the sides, through the fan and into the bottom of the grain bin. Rather than probing fumigant pellets into the grain mass from the surface of the grain, you can use a much lower concentration of fumigant and place the pellets in the PVC pipe from outside of the grain bin. Advantages include using less chemical, increased worker safety, and more uniform distribution of the gas since the fans force the fumigant throughout the grain mass. Temperature cables: Cables running from top to bottom in grain bin that automatically determine grain temperature and output this information to a central system. Terminal elevator: An elevator where large amounts of grain are brought for sale and distribution. Grain usually leave these facilities by rail or barge. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Volume Handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity that passed through the firms summarized in the particular table. Volume treated: The amount that represents the percentage of volume handled receiving one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common name, associated class and trade name of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are herbicides (H), insecticides (I), fungicides (F), and other chemicals (O). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on corn and wheat, and NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class : Common Name : Trade Name -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I Aluminum phosphide several I Bicycloheptene Virchem Thirty-Four F Captan Captan I Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide F Carboxin Vitavax O Chloropicrin Larvacide I Chlorpyrifos Lorsban, Dursban I Chloropyrifos-methyl Reldan I Cyfluthrin Tempo 2 I D-trans-allethrin Virchem Thirty-Four F Difenoconazole Dividend F Fludioxonil Maxim F Imazilil Flo-Pro I Imidacloprid Gancho I Lindane Lindane I Malathion several F Metalaxyl Apron I Methyl bromide several I Methoxychlor several I Petroleum distellate several I Piperonyl butoxide several I Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic F Propionic acid Tenox P I Pyrethrins several I Silica gel Protect-it I Silicon dioxide Diatomaceous Earth, Insect-Away F Tebuconazole Thiram F Thiram Vitavax, Thiram -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Report Features Released March 18, 1999, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-2127, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The next "Agricultural Chemical Usage: Postharvest Applications" will be released during the spring of 2000. This report will cover the use of postharvest chemicals used on soybeans and oats during the 1998 marketing year. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. James A. Ewing, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-2284 Glenn Strasburg, Environmental Statistician (202) 720-7492 C. Ray Halley, Chief, Crops Branch (202) 720-2127 Index Page Postharvest Chemical Use Tables Corn ................................................................. 4 Wheat ................................................................ 8 Survey Procedures ...................................................... 19 Estimation Procedures .................................................. 19 Reliability ............................................................ 19 Highlights ............................................................. 3 Overview ............................................................... 1 Questionnaire .......................................................... 23 Report Features ........................................................ 31 Terms and Definitions .................................................. 20 Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes ................................. 22 Released March 18, 1999, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage-Postharvest Applications" call (202) 720-2128, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ACCESS TO REPORTS!! 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