United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Ag Ch 1 (01) Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Peanuts, Rice, and Sorghum March 2001 Postharvest Chemical Use Estimates for Peanuts, Rice, and Sorghum Overview: The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the 2000 Postharvest Chemical Use Surveys. Separate surveys covering the 1999 crop were conducted in the summer of 2000 for peanuts and rice. A special state-funded study was conducted in Kansas for sorghum. The survey instrument for the sorghum postharvest study was identical to that used for the national survey for chemical use data collection. Pest management data for sorghum were not collected in Kansas. All results refer to pesticide applications made at off-farm storage facilities after the crops were harvested. On-farm postharvest applications were beyond the scope of this survey. The time frames for these applications, which correspond to the marketing year for these crops were: August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2000 for peanuts; July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000 for rice in Louisiana and Texas; August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2000 for rice in Arkansas and Mississippi; September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000 for rice in Missouri; October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000 for rice in California; and September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000 for sorghum in Kansas. The table below shows survey coverage for the 1999-2000 marketing year. The table includes statistics on the number of States surveyed and the number of reports summarized. The U.S. map below the table depicts graphically the number of summarized reports for each State in the survey. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 1999 Marketing Year Crop States Surveyed Reports Summarized Number Number Peanuts 13 119 Rice 6 206 Sorghum 1 239 After harvest, peanuts are inspected by the Federal-State Shipping Point Inspection Service before moving into storage facilities or on to peanut shellers and processors. Peanut butter is the largest single product made from the peanut crop. Other utilizations for peanuts include peanut snacks, peanut candy, and in-shell peanuts. Peanuts are generally marketed through local warehouses or processors. The diagram below demonstrates the postharvest marketing channels for peanuts. After harvest, rice is marketed through either through cooperatives, local warehouses or terminal warehouses. Utilization of rice is mainly comprised of direct food use, processed foods, and beer. Direct food use is the consumption of whole kernel milled rice without further processing, often referred to as table rice. The largest portion of the processed foods is rice used for pet food. For both peanuts and rice data, totals for the States surveyed and individual State totals are published for the percent of the commodity treated, number of applications, rate per application, rate per marketing year, and the total amount of active ingredient applied. A table detailing total pesticide usage by class for the surveyed States is also included. The State of origin of the peanuts and rice was not part of the survey. Only States that had off-farm storage facilities for peanuts or rice were included in this survey. Peanuts and rice which move between warehouses and processors will be duplicated in the total amount handled. The intent of the survey was to obtain the entire amount of chemicals applied to the stored peanuts and rice, so this duplication in quantity handled is necessary. Only the peanuts and rice handled in the selected States were included in this survey. After harvest, sorghum is generally marketed through local and/or terminal elevators, except that which is used on farms. Essentially all of the sorghum for grain is used as livestock feed. Peanuts and rice storage facility operators were also asked a series of questions concerning their pest management practices. These questions are summarized and included in the report. A copy of the survey instrument used to collect the data is also included. Highlights Peanuts: Peanut storage facilities in twelve States were surveyed following the 1999 marketing year. States surveyed for storage do not necessarily correspond to major peanut producing States. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on peanuts in the surveyed States were captan and aluminum phosphide based on percent of crop treated. Captan is a fungicide. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, it is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, and is classified as an insecticide by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Operations in the following States applied the listed chemicals to peanuts after harvest. However, there was an insufficient number of reports to publish State level usage data. Alabama: aluminum phosphide, methyl bromide, N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. Illinois: petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. Kentucky: methyl bromide. New Mexico: aluminum phosphide, metalaxyl, pentachloronitrobenzene, and resmethrin. North Carolina: aluminum phosphide and dichlorvos. Ohio: N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. Oklahoma: aluminum phosphide, captan, carboxin, magnesium phosphide, malathion, methyl bromide, N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., pentachloronitrobenzene, piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. Texas: aluminum phosphide and malathion. Virginia: aluminum phosphide, fenvalerate, methyl bromide, N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. New Jersey and Wisconsin reported no chemicals used on stored peanuts following harvest. Rice: Grain storage operators in six major rice producing States were surveyed following the 1999-2000 marketing year. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on rice in the surveyed States were carbon dioxide, aluminum phosphide, and silicon dioxide based on percent of rice treated. Aluminum phosphide is classified as an insecticide by the EPA, although it is commonly referred to as a fumigant and is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites. Operations in the following States applied the listed chemicals to stored rice after harvest. However, there were an insufficient number of reports to publish State-level usage data. Rough Rice Mississippi: aluminum phosphide, gibberellic acid, mancozeb, and thiram, Missouri: aluminum phosphide. Processed Rice Arkansas: aluminum phosphide, carboxin, gibberellic acid, magnesium phosphide, and thiram. California: carbon dioxide and methyl bromide. Louisiana: aluminum phosphide and magnesium phosphide. Texas: aluminum phosphide and magnesium phosphide. Mississippi and Missouri reported no postharvest chemicals applied to processed rice. Sorghum: Grain storage operators in Kansas most commonly used aluminum phosphide and malathion based on percent of grain treated. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, it is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, hence it is classified as an insecticide by the EPA. Malathion is also an insecticide. Pest Management Practices: It was discovered during pre-survey research that pest management practices varied considerably, depending on the time of year. Therefore, seasonal data were collected on this survey and are published in separate tables labeled "Spring and Summer" and "Fall and Winter". The percentages shown in these data tables pertain to all grains handled by the facilities sampled, not just peanuts or rice. There were insufficient reports to publish pest management data for Kentucky, Missouri, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest management data were not collected for sorghum in Kansas. Peanuts: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Mil. Lbs. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. : AL : 204.1 * * GA : 3,585.0 32.19 15.8 * * IL : 183.3 * * KY : * * * NJ : * NM : 63.1 * * * * NC 1/ : 405.0 4.52 OH : 9.1 OK : 202.1 * * * * TX : 605.2 * * VA : 488.7 * * WI : * : Total : 5,762.2 27.30 20.9 * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data for volume handled or for this pesticide class. 1/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Peanuts: Postharvest Chemical Applications, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Lbs. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 18.49 1.0 0.01 0.01 13.7 Methyl bromide : 0.56 1.0 0.08 0.09 2.8 Piperonyl butoxide 3/ : 2.07 1.0 6 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by peanut storage facilities in the twelve States surveyed was 576.2 million pounds. States included are AL, GA, IL, KY, NJ, NM, NC, OH, OK, TX, VA, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Captan, Carboxin, Dichlorvos, Fenvalerate, Magnesium phosphide, Malathion, Metalaxyl, N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., Pentachloronitrobenzene, Petroleum distillate, Pyrethrins, Resmethrin, Silica gel, and Silicon dioxide. 3/ Rate or total applied was less than 0.01 pounds. Peanuts: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Georgia, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Lbs. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 25.15 1.0 0.01 0.01 12.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Georgia peanut storage facilities was 3585.0 million pounds. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Dichlorvos, Magnesium phosphide, Methyl bromide, N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo., Piperonyl butoxide, Pyrethrins, Silica gel, Silicon dioxide as insecticides, and Captan, Carboxin, and Pentachloronitrobenzene as fungicides. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Cwt. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. : AR : 87,558.1 12.14 6.4 * * * * CA : 63,639.0 21.19 9.9 LA : 30,346.0 33.98 25.1 MS : 10,277.9 * * * * * * MO : 4,148.2 * * TX : 27,751.3 34.05 5.5 : Total :223,720.4 21.19 48.5 0.26 43.0 0.04 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data for this pesticide class. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 20.45 1.0 0.49 0.49 22.3 Fipronil : 0.04 1.0 14.17 14.89 1.2 Silicon dioxide : 0.55 1.0 18.60 18.60 23.0 : Fungicides: : Carboxin : 0.18 1.0 37.80 37.92 15.0 Fludioxonil : 0.04 1.0 1.89 1.89 0.2 Metalaxyl : 0.15 1.0 17.74 17.74 5.9 Thiram : 0.19 1.0 36.50 36.65 15.8 : Other: : Gibberellic acid : 0.04 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the 6 States surveyed was 232,720.4 thousand hundredweight. States included are AR, CA, LA, MS, MO, and TX. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Cyfluthrin, Malathion, and Methyl bromide as insecticides; Mancozeb as a fungicides; and Gibberellic acid as an 'Other' chemical. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Arkansas, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 11.40 1.0 0.40 0.40 4.0 Fipronil : 0.09 1.0 14.17 14.89 1.2 : Fungicides: : Carboxin : 0.45 1.0 37.80 37.92 15.0 Fludioxonil : 0.11 1.0 1.89 1.89 0.2 Metalaxyl : 0.38 1.0 17.74 17.74 5.9 Thiram : 0.46 1.0 38.40 38.57 15.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Arkansas grain storage facilities was 87,558.1 thousand hundredweight. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Malathion, and Silicon dioxide as insecticides; Mancozeb as a fungicide; and Gibberellic acid and Indole-3-butyric acid as 'Other' chemicals. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, California, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 21.19 1.0 0.73 0.73 9.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by California grain storage facilities was 63639.0 thousand hundredweight. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Louisiana, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 31.64 1.0 0.37 0.37 3.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Louisiana grain storage facilities was 30346.0 thousand hundredweight. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Methyl bromide and Silicon dioxide. Rough Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Texas, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs. : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 33.03 1.0 0.36 0.36 3.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Texas grain storage facilities was 27,751.3 thousand hundredweight. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Cyfluthrin, Methyl bromide, and Silicon dioxide. Processed Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Cwt. Lbs. Cwt. Lbs. : AR :39,541.1 * * * * * * CA :21,472.7 * * LA :10,169.3 * * MS : 93.7 MO : 3,078.2 TX : 9,851.0 * * : Total :84,205.9 22.73 460.8 * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data for this pesticide class. Processed Rice: Postharvest Chemical Applications, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Cwt. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 24.14 1.0 0.18 0.18 8.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the 6 States surveyed was 84,205.9 thousand hundredweight. States included are AR, CA, LA, MS, MO, and TX. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Carbon dioxide, Methyl bromide, and Magnesium phosphide used as insecticides; Carboxin and Thiram as fungicides; and Gibberellic acid as an 'Other' chemical. Sorghum: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, Kansas, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Mil. Bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs. Bu. Lbs. : KS : 331.1 3.68 3.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sorghum: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Kansas, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 2.82 1.0 0.13 0.13 1.2 Malathion : 0.48 1.0 0.37 0.37 0.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 331.1 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Methyl bromide, and Pirimiphos-methyl. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 2/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 3 10 Deep bin sampler : 3 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 11 22 20 Power probe : 6 40 10 Re-circulation fumigation device : Temperature cables in bins : : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean dump pits and transfer legs : 78 59 80 80 Clean surrounding areas and : equipment : 53 10 Control vegetation around warehouses: 78 81 38 100 90 Hose down empty warehouse floors : 33 41 25 80 40 Pick up spilled peanuts : 89 91 100 80 90 Sweep empty warehouse floors : 100 88 100 100 100 Use residual insecticides on inner : surface of empty warehouses : 56 41 25 100 70 Use rodent traps or bait stations : 100 91 50 80 100 Other cleaning activities : 9 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 2/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 20 8 4 Deep bin sampler : 2 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 7 9 Power probe : 31 8 Re-circulation fumigation device : Temperature cables in bins : 1 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean dump pits and transfer legs : 42 20 36 54 52 Clean surrounding areas and : equipment : 20 7 16 Control vegetation around warehouses: 67 100 64 100 77 Hose down empty warehouse floors : 75 100 50 62 50 Pick up spilled peanuts : 100 100 100 100 91 Sweep empty warehouse floors : 92 100 86 92 91 Use residual insecticides on inner : surface of empty warehouses : 58 60 36 23 46 Use rodent traps or bait stations : 67 80 100 100 86 Other cleaning activities : 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Descriptions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report, on pages 29-30. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 100 Twice a week : Weekly : 50 Every two weeks : Monthly : 50 Other : Do not monitor : 100 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 67 17 60 75 29 Twice a week : Weekly : 22 28 20 43 Every two weeks : 3 Monthly : 3 Other : 28 Do not monitor : 11 21 20 25 29 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 29 Twice a week : Weekly : 29 33 20 Every two weeks : Monthly : 14 33 Other : 20 Do not monitor : 29 33 60 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 28 Twice a week : Weekly : 9 Every two weeks : 10 Monthly : 19 Other : Do not monitor : 100 34 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 40 25 29 Twice a week : 33 13 4 Weekly : 40 13 60 25 Every two weeks : 13 20 6 Monthly : 50 6 Other : 25 12 Do not monitor : 17 20 13 20 19 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 20 11 13 Twice a week : Weekly : 20 25 16 Every two weeks : 3 Monthly : 5 Other : 25 6 Do not monitor : 60 50 89 57 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : Twice a week : Weekly : 50 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : Do not monitor : 50 100 100 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 22 48 40 29 Twice a week : Weekly : 11 10 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 3 Do not monitor : 67 38 60 100 71 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 14 33 Twice a week : 67 Weekly : 14 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 14 Do not monitor : 57 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 10 Twice a week : Weekly : 9 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 8 Do not monitor : 100 73 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 83 13 60 37 Twice a week : Weekly : 20 6 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 13 2 Do not monitor : 17 80 75 40 55 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 40 14 Twice a week : 11 8 Weekly : 20 5 Every two weeks : Monthly : 2 Other : 25 5 Do not monitor : 40 75 89 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : Twice a week : Weekly : 50 Every two weeks : Monthly : 50 100 Other : Do not monitor : 100 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 78 14 60 25 14 Twice a week : Weekly : 11 24 20 57 Every two weeks : 10 Monthly : 3 25 Other : 28 Do not monitor : 11 21 20 50 29 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 29 Twice a week : Weekly : 29 33 20 Every two weeks : Monthly : 14 33 Other : 20 Do not monitor : 29 33 60 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 18 Twice a week : Weekly : 9 Every two weeks : 10 Monthly : 29 Other : Do not monitor : 100 34 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 40 25 25 Twice a week : 17 13 2 Weekly : 20 13 60 23 Every two weeks : 17 20 13 20 10 Monthly : 50 9 Other : 25 12 Do not monitor : 17 20 13 20 20 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 20 11 13 Twice a week : Weekly : 20 25 16 Every two weeks : 3 Monthly : 5 Other : 25 6 Do not monitor : 60 50 89 57 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : Twice a week : Weekly : 50 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : Do not monitor : 50 100 100 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 22 48 40 29 Twice a week : Weekly : 11 10 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 3 Do not monitor : 67 38 60 100 71 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 14 33 Twice a week : 67 Weekly : 14 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 14 Do not monitor : 57 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 10 Twice a week : Weekly : 9 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 8 Do not monitor : 100 73 : Flat Storage Warehouses: : : Daily : 83 13 60 37 Twice a week : Weekly : 20 6 Every two weeks : Monthly : Other : 13 2 Do not monitor : 17 80 75 40 55 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 40 14 Twice a week : 11 8 Weekly : 20 5 Every two weeks : Monthly : 2 Other : 25 5 Do not monitor : 40 75 89 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule, Peanuts, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AL : GA : IL : KY : NJ : NM : NC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset Calendar Date : 23 100 33 20 Warehouse Samples : 8 Scheduled with other Handling : Operations : 8 20 Insect Trap Counts : 31 67 20 Visual Peanut Inspection : 33 69 80 Other : 67 15 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : OH : OK : TX : VA : WI : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset Calendar Date : 19 Warehouse Samples : 100 6 Scheduled with other Handling : Operations : 100 20 12 Insect Trap Counts : 21 Visual Peanut Inspection : 100 49 Other : 100 30 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 2/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 35 35 50 73 33 41 Deep bin sampler : 4 35 15 18 6 16 Grain spreader in bins : 22 40 22 36 3 25 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 22 20 17 27 28 23 Power probe : 20 36 2 9 3 17 Protein analyzer : 2 9 2 9 5 Re-circulation fumigation device : 10 13 17 18 14 14 Temperature cables in bins : 29 64 24 55 19 38 : Cleaning Activities: : : Blow down with compressed air : 14 36 3 14 Clean aeration ducts : 65 87 87 91 81 80 Control vegetation around bins : 88 98 98 91 94 95 Core bins after filling : 51 51 50 100 28 50 Fumigate empty bins : 73 47 76 45 69 64 Hose down empty bins : 33 13 30 45 11 24 Pick up spilled grain : 96 98 100 100 94 98 Sweep empty bins : 86 100 93 91 97 94 Vacuum bins : 2 35 27 12 Other cleaning activities : 8 35 2 9 6 14 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Descriptions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report, on pages 29-31. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 7 12 11 8 10 Twice a week : 14 18 4 10 Weekly : 43 35 11 13 25 Every two weeks : 7 9 11 8 8 Monthly : 14 18 42 100 46 31 Other : 14 6 16 17 11 Do not monitor : 3 11 4 6 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 6 9 5 24 9 Twice a week : 10 14 5 3 8 Weekly : 29 23 13 40 10 22 Every two weeks : 12 7 13 10 7 10 Monthly : 31 16 47 50 38 34 Other : 8 16 8 10 10 Do not monitor : 4 14 8 7 7 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 9 25 7 Twice a week : 17 13 13 11 Weekly : 17 22 13 15 Every two weeks : 17 13 27 50 13 18 Monthly : 22 20 50 50 24 Other : 17 4 13 7 Do not monitor : 33 17 13 13 19 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 21 26 21 4 18 Twice a week : 14 26 5 13 Weekly : 36 29 5 17 Every two weeks : 12 5 13 8 Monthly : 7 16 25 10 Other : 14 3 5 8 6 Do not monitor : 7 3 42 100 50 26 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 8 16 13 7 10 Twice a week : 14 21 11 12 Weekly : 35 19 13 50 7 23 Every two weeks : 4 9 8 10 7 7 Monthly : 20 5 13 10 21 14 Other : 6 5 3 3 4 Do not monitor : 12 26 39 30 55 31 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 17 17 13 13 Twice a week : 17 30 13 18 Weekly : 22 50 12 Every two weeks : 17 4 13 13 9 Monthly : 4 13 50 25 11 Other : 17 2 Do not monitor : 33 22 47 63 36 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 7 15 5 8 10 Twice a week : 7 18 5 4 10 Weekly : 43 15 16 13 18 Every two weeks : 7 12 11 8 10 Monthly : 14 24 42 46 32 Other : 14 6 16 100 17 13 Do not monitor : 7 12 5 4 9 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 4 9 3 20 21 9 Twice a week : 6 19 8 7 9 Weekly : 27 14 11 10 14 17 Every two weeks : 10 9 11 10 7 9 Monthly : 41 23 53 50 31 38 Other : 6 14 5 10 21 10 Do not monitor : 6 12 11 7 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 9 25 7 Twice a week : 17 30 13 18 Weekly : 17 4 13 13 9 Every two weeks : 17 4 27 50 13 14 Monthly : 26 27 38 23 Other : 17 4 13 50 13 11 Do not monitor : 33 22 7 17 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 29 35 21 8 24 Twice a week : 14 21 5 11 Weekly : 29 29 5 4 17 Every two weeks : 9 5 4 5 Monthly : 7 21 29 12 Other : 14 3 8 5 Do not monitor : 7 3 42 100 46 25 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 14 26 13 20 10 16 Twice a week : 10 23 8 10 11 Weekly : 33 21 8 20 7 20 Every two weeks : 4 7 11 20 7 Monthly : 22 2 16 20 21 15 Other : 4 5 3 7 4 Do not monitor : 12 16 42 10 55 27 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 17 30 13 18 Twice a week : 17 22 13 15 Weekly : 26 50 13 15 Every two weeks : 17 4 13 7 Monthly : 4 13 50 25 11 Other : 17 2 Do not monitor : 33 13 47 63 32 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule, Rice, 1999 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed 1/ Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : CA : LA : MS : MO : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset Calendar Date : 4 3 5 3 4 Bin Samples : 24 21 56 100 35 41 Scheduled with other Handling : Operations : 16 7 15 33 23 17 Insect Trap Counts : 17 15 3 9 Visual Grain Inspection : 56 72 56 67 81 66 Customer Request : 16 14 8 10 10 Other : 8 14 3 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for Missouri. Survey Procedures: The population for the 2000 Postharvest Chemical Use Survey included all off-farm facilities that handled either peanuts or rice during 1999. Peanut off-farm facilities included processors, blanchers, shellers, millers, and warehouses. Rice off-farm facilities included mills and warehouses. A complete census of these off-farm facilities was conducted in the 12 peanut States and 6 rice States selected for the Postharvest Chemical Use Survey. A State-funded Postharvest Survey was conducted in Kansas. The population for this survey included all off-farm grain elevators that handled sorghum during 1999. The Kansas off-farm facilities were sampled based on the amount of sorghum stored during 1999. Estimation Procedures: The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name were reviewed within State and across States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturers' recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability: The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results is affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process, and unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analyses were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses and the manufacturer's recommended rates are generally followed. Sampling variability of the estimates also differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as aluminum phosphide on peanuts in Georgia, will exhibit less variability than a rarely used or reported product. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Aeration Controller: An automatic (usually computer-based) system that determines the optimum running time (considering humidity and temperature) for aeration fans on the grain bins. They can usually be set for drying or storage mode. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase agricultural chemicals refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application Rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Core bins after filling: When grain is placed into a bin, it is usually filled from the top. The rice forms a cone as it fills the bin. Because grain contains other things (including broken pieces of grain), smaller particles (called fines) tend to concentrate in the center of the bin. This finer material compacts, restricting airflow which in turn affects grain temperatures and thus pests. For this reason, it is recommended that a portion of grain is extracted from the bottom center of the bin. This core can then be reloaded onto the top and spread over the surface to distribute the fines evenly. Deep bin sampler: Usually a vacuum type device that allows one to reach deeply into a grain bin and sample grain that is normally out of reach to typical probe samplers. Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances which produce a gas vapor,fume, or smoke intended to destroy insects, rodents, or bacteria. Grain spreader: When grain is loaded into the grain bin, it can first be put through a spreader which swings the grain out from the fall line and fills the bin uniformly rather than forming a cone in the center of the bin. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. The 1999 marketing year for peanuts was August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2000. The 1999 marketing year for rice was as follows: July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000 in LA and TX; August 1, 1999 to July 31, 2000 in AR and MS; September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000 in MO; October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000 in CA. The 1999 marketing year for sorghum ran from September 1, 1999 to August 31, 2000. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Phosphine pellet dispenser: Manually or automatically dispenses phosphine pellets to a stream of grain as it is being loaded. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Power probe: A fully integrated mechanized system for sampling stationary lots of grain in trucks or similar conveyance. It obtains a representative sample by inserting a probe-like device into grain, opening the probe to allow grain to enter, closing, and then the sample is pneumatically withdrawn from the probe. Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have storage facilities as well. Protein analyzer: Usually infrared analyzers that can, within a matter of minutes, determine the composition of grain. Values obtained can include protein, oil, starch content, moisture content and kernel density. Re-circulation fumigation device: A fan that is combined with PVC pipe on the outside of a grain bin. The PVC runs from the top down the sides, through the fan and into the bottom of the grain bin. Rather than probing fumigant pellets into the grain mass from the surface of the grain, you can use a much lower concentration of fumigant and place the pellets in the PVC pipe from outside of the grain bin. Advantages include using less chemical, increased worker safety, and more uniform distribution of the gas since the fans force the fumigant throughout the grain mass. Temperature cables: Cables running from top to bottom in grain bin that automatically determine grain temperature and output this information to a central system. Terminal elevator: An elevator where large amounts of grain are brought for sale and distribution. Grain usually leaves these facilities by rail or barge. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations, as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Transfer legs: The apparatus used to move a commodity from a dump pit to its intermediate and/or final storage destination. Volume Handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity that passed through the firms summarized in the particular table. Volume treated: This amount represents the percentage of the volume handled which received one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Terminal elevator: An elevator where large amounts of grain are brought for sale and distribution. Grain usually leaves these facilities by rail or barge. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations, as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Transfer legs: The last or next to last dump from a boom or an elevator into a warehouse. Volume Handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity that passed through the firms summarized in the particular table. Volume treated: This amount represents the percentage of the volume handled which received one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common names, associated classes and trade names of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are insecticides (I), fungicides (F), and other chemicals (O). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on peanuts, rice, and sorghum. NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. Class Common Name Trade Name I Aluminum phosphide several F Captan Vitavax I Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide F Carboxin Vitavax I Chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan I Cyfluthrin Tempo 2 I Dichlorvos DDVP/Vapona I Fenvalerate FVS Fogger I Fipronil Icon F Fludioxonil Maxim O Gibberellic Acid several O Indole-3-butyric Acid PGR-IV I Magnesium phosphide several I Malathion several F Mancozeb Dithane F Metalaxyl Apron, Kodiak I Methyl bromide several I N-octy bicycloheptene dicarbo. several F Pentachloronitrobenzene Vitavax, Kodiak I Petroleum distellate several I Piperonyl butoxide several I Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic I Pyrethrins several I Resmethrin Resmethrin I Silica gel Protect-it I Silicon dioxide several F Thiram Vitavax, Thiram Report Features Released March 14, 2001, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. Michelle Radice, Environmental Statistician (202) 720-9525 Norman Bennett, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684 Linda Hutton, Chief, Environmental, Economics, and Demographics Branch (202) 720-6146 Index Page Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Postharvest Chemical Use Tables Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sorghum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Pest Management Practices Peanuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Survey Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Estimation Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Peanut Postharvest Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Report Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Released March 14, 2001, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C., 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ACCESS TO REPORTS!! 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