United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Sp Cr 1 (01) Pest Management Practices 2000 Summary May 2001 Table of Contents Page Introduction 2 Highlights 3 Number of Farms and Land in Farms 5 Planted and Harvested Acres for Selected Crops 8 Pest Management Practices Barley 10 Corn 12 Cotton 14 Fruits & Nuts 16 Hay, Alfalfa 18 Hay, Other 20 Soybeans 22 Vegetables 24 Wheat 26 All Other Crops & Cropland Pasture 28 Survey Procedures 30 Estimation Procedures 30 Reliability 30 Glossary 31 Survey Instrument 34 Report Features/Contacts 36 Introduction The Pest Management Practices 2000 Summary is based largely on data compiled from a nationwide farmer survey conducted in February 2001. Results refer to responses from sampled producers concerning specific practices. The producers were first asked how many acres of a specific commodity they grew in 2000, followed by questions regarding the use of specific pest management practices, in a yes/no format. Pests were defined as weeds, insects, and diseases. If the respondent used a specific practice on a crop, it was assumed that the practice was used on all acres of that crop. For example, if a producer had 500 acres of wheat, and used field mapping of previous weed problems to assist in making weed management decisions, it was assumed that all 500 acres were mapped. For this report, each question has been categorized into one of four pest management categories: prevention, avoidance, monitoring, and suppression. The actual questions used to collect these data are shown on pages 34-35. The data are published in two tables for each crop: percent of acres receiving the specific pest management practice and percent of farms using the specific pest management practice. These percentages are published at the U.S. and regional levels. For barley, corn, soybeans, wheat, fruits and nuts, vegetables, and all other crops, the percentages refer only to farms and planted acres. For alfalfa hay and other hay, the percentages refer to farms and harvested acres. A change in the reporting of crop varieties developed with the use of biotechnology is reflected in this publication for the first time. The percent of acres planted to corn, cotton, and soybean biotech varieties, for insect and herbicide resistance only, are carried over from the previously reported 2000 June Acreage report. Regional data for these crops are recalculated from the 2000 June Agricultural Survey, while state-level data were published with the 2000 June Acreage report. Biotech varietal data for all other categories in this report are published from the 2000 Pest Management Survey. Highlights A review of overall survey results showed widespread increases in the use of Pest Management Practices on Field Crops, Hay, and Vegetables nationwide, compared to 1999. The use of pest management practices on Fruit and Nut farms was relatively unchanged, although significant decreases for several categories were noted. Reasons for the changes vary by crop type, but in general, farmers in the 2000 crop year responded to unusual national and regional economic and climatological events. Extremely low commodity prices combined with escalating energy and input costs placed many producers in a cost-price squeeze. Excessive moisture in some areas and resulting pest pressures, along with drought and its carryover affects in other areas, likely played significant roles in the adoption of more cost effective pest management practices by farmers. Continued educational efforts on Integrated Pest Management and precision farming practices, and a change in data collection methodology for this survey also may have had effects on overall survey results. Barley: The leading pest management practice for barley continued to be Rotating Crops to Control Pests. Fifty-eight percent of the farms used this practice on 75 percent of the acres across the United States. Pest management practices used on 40 percent or more of the barley acres include Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests, Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork, Rotating Crops to Control Pests, Scouting for Pests to Make Decisions, Field Mapping of Weed Problems, Weather Monitoring, and Alternating the Use of Pesticides. Corn: Rotating Crops to Control Pests was used on 81 percent of the corn acres and was the leading pest management practice for corn. It was also the most widely used practice in terms of number of farms, at 71 percent. Scouting for Pests was reported on 58 percent of the corn acres. Alternating Pesticides and using Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests were also common, each being reported on over half of the corn acres. Cotton: Scouting for Pests was used by 72 percent of the cotton farms on 86 percent of the cotton acres. Prevention practices of using Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests and Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork, were used on approximately two-thirds of the farms and three-fourths of the acres. Other practices used on 60 percent or more of the acres include using Records to Keep Track of Pests, Alternating Pesticides, using Scouting to Make Decisions, and Adjusting Planting/Harvesting Dates. Fruits and Nuts: Scouting for Pests in fruits and nuts, the most widespread pest management practice, was used by 51 percent of the fruit and nut farms on 72 percent of the acres. Alternating Pesticides and using Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests were used on 66 and 60 percent of the fruit and nut acres, respectively. Thirty-five percent of the farms Monitored the Weather to determine the need for any pesticide application. Hay, Alfalfa: Scouting for Pests and Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork were the most widely used pest management practices on alfalfa acreage, each at 40 percent. Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests, and Rotating Crops to Control Pests were used on 38 and 36 percent of the alfalfa acreage, respectively. Hay, Other: Thirty-four percent of the farms with hay, other than alfalfa, used Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests. Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork was used on 26 percent of the farms and Scouting for Pests was used on 14 percent of the farms. Soybeans: The most common pest management practice for soybeans was Rotating Crops to Control Pests, which was done on 80 percent of the soybean acres and 75 percent of the farms. Other practices used on 50 percent or more of the acres included Scouting for Pests, Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests, using Biotechnology-developed Crop Varieties for Herbicide Resistance, and Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork. Vegetables: The most common pest management practice for vegetables was Rotating Crops, utilized on 87 percent of all vegetable acreage. Scouting for Pests was reported on 75 percent of the acres, Alternating Pesticides was used on 72 percent, and Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork was used on more than 50 percent of the acres. Wheat: The leading pest management practice for wheat was Rotating Crops to Control Pests, which was used by 58 percent of the wheat farms on 65 percent of the wheat acres. Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork was the second most widely used practice, with 62 percent of the acres and 49 percent of the farms. Using Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests and Scouting for Pests were each reported on 50 percent or more of the acres. All other Crops and Cropland Pasture: This group includes crops that were not specifically targeted during the survey such as sorghum, oats, rice, peanuts, etc. The most widely used pest management practice was Rotating Crops to Control Pests, on 57 percent of the acres. Using Tillage/etc. to Manage Pests, Cleaning Implements after Fieldwork, and Scouting for Pests, were each used on more than 50 percent of the acres. Regions: Northeast CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT North Central IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, OH, SD, WI South AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV West AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey. Number of Farms and Land in Farms by State and Region, 2000 Crop Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Number : Land and : of : in Region : Farms : Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Acres : CT : 3,900 360 DE : 2,600 580 ME : 6,800 1,270 MD : 12,400 2,100 MA : 6,100 570 NH : 3,100 420 NJ : 9,600 830 NY : 38,000 7,700 PA : 59,000 7,700 RI : 700 60 VT : 6,800 1,340 : Northeast : 149,000 22,930 : : : IL : 78,000 27,700 IN : 64,000 15,500 IA : 95,000 32,800 KS : 64,000 47,500 MI : 52,000 10,400 MN : 79,000 28,600 MO : 109,000 30,000 NE : 54,000 46,400 ND : 30,300 39,400 OH : 80,000 14,900 SD : 32,500 44,000 WI : 77,000 16,200 : North Central : 814,800 353,400 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Number of Farms and Land in Farms, by State and Region, 2000 Crop Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Number : Land and : of : in Region : Farms : Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Acres : AL : 47,000 9,000 AR : 48,000 14,600 FL : 44,000 10,300 GA : 50,000 11,100 KY : 90,000 13,600 LA : 29,500 8,100 MS : 43,000 11,100 NC : 57,000 9,200 OK : 85,000 34,000 SC : 24,000 4,700 TN : 90,000 11,700 TX : 226,000 130,000 VA : 49,000 8,700 WV : 20,500 3,600 : South : 903,000 279,700 : : : AZ : 7,500 26,700 CA : 87,500 27,800 CO : 29,000 31,600 ID : 24,500 11,900 MT : 27,600 56,700 NV : 3,000 6,800 NM : 15,200 44,000 OR : 40,000 17,200 UT : 15,500 11,600 WA : 40,000 15,700 WY : 9,200 34,600 : West : 299,000 284,600 : : US 1/ : 2,165,800 940,630 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey. Planted or Harvested Acres for Selected Crops, by State and Region, 2000 Crop Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area Planted : Area Harvested State :--------------------------------------------------------------------- and : Barley : : : :All Wheat: Alfalfa : Other Region : 1/ : Corn : Cotton :Soybeans : 1/ : Hay : Hay -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Acres : CT : 36 12 53 DE : 30 165 215 65 8 9 ME : 22 28 12 120 MD : 55 480 520 220 65 170 MA : 25 16 80 NH : 15 8 50 NJ : 5 90 100 40 30 100 NY : 12 980 135 150 420 1,100 PA : 80 1,550 400 200 650 1,150 RI : 2 1 8 VT : 90 50 180 : Northeast : 204 3,461 1,370 675 1,272 3,020 : : : IL : 11,200 10,500 950 500 350 IN : 5,700 5,650 550 430 320 IA : 12,300 10,700 20 1,250 450 KS : 8 3,450 40 2,950 9,800 900 1,900 MI : 20 2,200 2,100 530 1,000 300 MN : 270 7,100 7,300 2,022 1,550 700 MO : 2,850 400 5,150 1,050 470 3,250 NE : 10 8,500 4,650 1,750 1,350 1,700 ND : 1,900 1,080 1,900 10,170 1,350 1,100 OH : 14 3,550 4,450 1,120 570 830 SD : 115 4,300 4,400 3,020 2,650 1,400 WI : 65 3,500 1,500 149 1,800 300 : North : Central : 2,402 65,730 440 61,250 31,131 13,820 12,600 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnotes at end of table. --continued Planted or Harvested Acres for Selected Crops, by State and Region, 2000 Crop Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area Planted : Area Harvested State :--------------------------------------------------------------------- and : Barley : : : :All Wheat: Alfalfa : Other Region : 1/ : Corn : Cotton :Soybeans : 1/ : Hay : Hay -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 Acres : AL 2/ : 230 590 190 140 720 AR : 180 960 3,350 1,180 20 1,230 FL 2/ : 85 130 20 13 270 GA 2/ : 400 1,500 180 300 650 KY : 9 1,330 1,200 670 250 2,200 LA 2/ : 380 710 930 200 350 MS 2/ : 410 1,300 1,700 250 800 NC : 30 730 930 1,400 720 20 690 OK : 300 280 460 6,100 330 2,100 SC 2/ : 310 300 460 190 300 TN : 650 570 1,180 550 35 2,000 TX : 2,100 6,416 290 6,000 120 4,000 VA : 85 470 110 500 240 120 1,200 WV : 55 13 50 550 : South : 124 7,630 13,796 11,860 16,566 945 17,060 : : : : AZ : 40 56 286 92 205 42 CA : 110 540 920 600 1,020 510 CO : 110 1,350 2,548 900 500 ID : 750 195 1,370 1,130 260 MT : 1,250 60 5,330 1,200 800 NV : 4 4 18 265 225 NM : 150 94.5 470 290 90 OR : 150 55 880 390 690 UT : 95 64 173 550 150 WA : 500 155 2,475 470 310 WY : 105 95 201 620 520 : West : 3,114 2,724 1,300.5 14,157 7,040 4,097 : US 3/ : 5,844 79,545 15,536.5 74,496 62,529 23,077 36,777 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Alfalfa and alfalfa mixtures are included in all other hay. 3/ Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the survey. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Barley, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 46 59 29 45 43 49 Remove or plow down crop residue : 16 36 25 34 31 34 Clean implements after fieldwork : 40 81 35 74 49 74 Water management practices : * 13 * 21 7 18 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 6 37 * 23 23 27 Rotate crops to control pests : 46 80 35 75 67 75 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 12 52 * 19 24 29 Grow trap crop to control insects: 1 ** ** : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 34 52 18 63 60 58 Records kept to track pests : 31 24 * 23 25 23 Field mapping of weed problems : 11 47 * 55 22 50 Soil analysis to detect pests : 15 * * 8 6 9 Pheromones to monitor pests : * * * ** 1 Weather monitoring : 14 50 45 35 19 40 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 29 37 * 16 16 23 Biological pesticides : * * * 4 1 4 Beneficial organisms : * * 7 1 8 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 4 42 17 20 13 26 Adjust planting methods : * 12 * 5 6 7 Alternate pesticides : 11 61 32 49 44 51 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Barley, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 24 37 42 47 35 40 Remove or plow down crop residue : 13 23 35 36 25 29 Clean implements after fieldwork : 31 55 51 63 32 55 Water management practices : * 5 * 17 6 12 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : * 18 3 20 14 15 Rotate crops to control pests : 50 62 47 60 59 58 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 6 30 * 21 12 23 Grow trap crop to control insects: ** ** ** : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 26 45 14 50 40 41 Records kept to track pests : 18 20 * 20 12 20 Field mapping of weed problems : 15 26 * 32 14 27 Soil analysis to detect pests : 8 * * 13 4 10 Pheromones to monitor pests : * * * ** ** Weather monitoring : 11 24 47 20 12 24 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 16 21 * 19 8 19 Biological pesticides : * * * 5 2 7 Beneficial organisms : * * 4 2 5 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 2 24 7 21 11 18 Adjust planting methods : * * 0 6 4 7 Alternate pesticides : 11 34 46 32 28 32 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Corn, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 44 53 53 61 45 53 Remove or plow down crop residue : 36 25 47 41 22 28 Clean implements after fieldwork : 44 48 52 54 36 48 Water management practices : 9 19 32 42 10 21 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : 11 19 8 7 17 18 Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 13 17 29 19 11 17 Rotate crops to control pests : 70 82 74 66 77 81 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : 2 ** * * ** ** Alternate planting locations : 25 26 41 27 14 28 Grow trap crop to control insects: 2 5 15 3 3 6 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 37 59 55 67 55 58 Records kept to track pests : 19 28 44 43 23 30 Field mapping of weed problems : 32 32 21 28 17 30 Soil analysis to detect pests : 10 22 28 22 16 22 Pheromones to monitor pests : ** 4 ** 4 2 4 Weather monitoring : 26 31 27 35 16 30 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 4 5 7 8 8 6 Scouting used to make decisions : 14 35 40 28 19 34 Biological pesticides : 7 18 20 13 5 18 Beneficial organisms : 3 2 7 8 2 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 11 25 17 32 13 24 Adjust planting methods : 5 12 13 11 8 12 Alternate pesticides : 36 51 52 49 44 50 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** ** * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Corn, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 30 49 47 52 38 47 Remove or plow down crop residue : 27 23 42 39 20 27 Clean implements after fieldwork : 37 45 48 53 29 45 Water management practices : 3 14 18 39 6 14 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : 17 28 5 6 25 23 Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 12 15 21 18 7 15 Rotate crops to control pests : 54 77 53 59 67 71 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : 4 1 * * ** 1 Alternate planting locations : 29 22 29 24 9 24 Grow trap crop to control insects: 2 3 7 4 2 3 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 33 45 31 56 42 43 Records kept to track pests : 10 17 22 27 12 17 Field mapping of weed problems : 27 23 14 16 10 22 Soil analysis to detect pests : 11 16 16 18 8 16 Pheromones to monitor pests : ** 1 ** 3 ** 1 Weather monitoring : 21 24 21 32 10 23 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 13 16 7 14 13 15 Scouting used to make decisions : 8 21 21 17 10 20 Biological pesticides : 13 11 15 7 3 12 Beneficial organisms : 2 2 5 3 ** 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 12 22 17 21 9 20 Adjust planting methods : 5 11 8 11 5 10 Alternate pesticides : 30 40 31 36 32 38 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** ** * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Cotton, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 74 72 92 69 73 Remove or plow down crop residue : 32 49 92 55 49 Clean implements after fieldwork : 52 77 94 61 77 Water management practices : 53 57 88 16 57 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * 15 12 26 15 Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 11 64 * 21 63 Rotate crops to control pests : 79 39 92 40 41 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : ** * 1 ** Alternate planting locations : * 37 * 12 37 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 12 * 6 11 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 72 85 97 78 86 Records kept to track pests : 61 70 51 59 69 Field mapping of weed problems : 45 44 * 17 44 Soil analysis to detect pests : * 42 * 18 42 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 29 55 63 30 Weather monitoring : 42 57 58 22 56 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 39 27 15 32 26 Scouting used to make decisions : 62 62 52 48 62 Biological pesticides : 35 48 15 15 47 Beneficial organisms : * 33 * 5 32 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : * 25 * 9 26 Adjust planting methods : 9 * 9 10 Alternate pesticides : 70 67 94 44 67 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * 15 * 16 14 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Cotton, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 61 64 74 62 65 Remove or plow down crop residue : 59 57 86 53 58 Clean implements after fieldwork : 29 70 87 55 69 Water management practices : 48 42 74 13 43 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * 43 38 30 42 Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 9 43 * 18 42 Rotate crops to control pests : 67 47 73 44 48 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : 1 * 1 2 Alternate planting locations : * 36 * 13 36 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 16 * 6 16 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 90 71 89 71 72 Records kept to track pests : 32 57 45 45 56 Field mapping of weed problems : 24 28 * 11 27 Soil analysis to detect pests : * 32 * 16 32 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 36 41 58 35 Weather monitoring : 23 39 39 22 39 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 50 39 62 44 40 Scouting used to make decisions : 61 49 43 37 49 Biological pesticides : 34 37 9 13 36 Beneficial organisms : * 21 * 6 21 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : * 21 * 9 22 Adjust planting methods : 7 * 7 7 Alternate pesticides : 60 57 85 39 58 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * 15 * 16 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Fruits and Nuts, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 26 28 25 78 73 60 Remove or plow down crop residue : * * 63 31 30 38 Clean implements after fieldwork : 24 * 62 42 44 45 Water management practices : * * 9 37 44 29 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * ** * Adjust planting/harvesting dates : * * * 30 6 21 Rotate crops to control pests : * * * 5 4 5 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * ** * Alternate planting locations : * * * 5 12 4 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 5 6 4 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 79 88 30 87 92 72 Records kept to track pests : 34 72 5 59 65 44 Field mapping of weed problems : * * * 26 22 20 Soil analysis to detect pests : * 57 16 45 43 38 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 69 * 49 34 37 Weather monitoring : 77 30 18 66 53 54 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * * * ** * Scouting used to make decisions : 88 79 10 48 47 41 Biological pesticides : 19 75 * 40 21 30 Beneficial organisms : * * 7 20 21 16 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : * * 2 48 36 33 Adjust planting methods : 68 * 3 8 5 Alternate pesticides : 77 80 33 77 73 66 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * 26 15 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Fruits and Nuts, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 19 68 39 53 64 47 Remove or plow down crop residue : * * 30 19 20 22 Clean implements after fieldwork : 38 * 26 28 37 27 Water management practices : * * 16 27 20 20 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * ** * Adjust planting/harvesting dates : * * * 15 4 12 Rotate crops to control pests : * * * 7 3 6 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * 1 * Alternate planting locations : * * * 4 5 4 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 6 2 4 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 67 46 25 66 72 51 Records kept to track pests : 13 27 9 34 36 24 Field mapping of weed problems : * * * 18 9 11 Soil analysis to detect pests : * 5 8 21 19 15 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 13 * 27 17 16 Weather monitoring : 46 35 19 43 36 35 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * * * ** * Scouting used to make decisions : 70 35 19 29 24 29 Biological pesticides : 18 37 * 26 8 19 Beneficial organisms : * * 9 24 11 17 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : * * 16 35 29 26 Adjust planting methods : 23 * 8 4 10 Alternate pesticides : 65 45 25 53 53 44 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * 15 6 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Hay, Alfalfa 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 32 35 45 44 22 38 Remove or plow down crop residue : 20 12 21 19 7 15 Clean implements after fieldwork : 33 38 43 44 16 40 Water management practices : 2 12 17 25 6 16 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 14 14 15 19 8 16 Rotate crops to control pests : 40 37 19 33 28 36 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 17 11 8 11 4 11 Grow trap crop to control insects: * ** 2 ** 1 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 37 38 39 45 29 40 Records kept to track pests : 12 10 4 13 10 11 Field mapping of weed problems : 16 13 5 20 7 15 Soil analysis to detect pests : 7 8 5 5 5 7 Pheromones to monitor pests : * ** 2 ** 1 Weather monitoring : 25 14 23 20 8 17 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 12 16 17 9 10 13 Biological pesticides : * 2 * 4 1 3 Beneficial organisms : * 3 11 1 6 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 12 15 9 15 4 15 Adjust planting methods : 2 2 * 6 2 3 Alternate pesticides : 21 16 23 23 12 19 Pheromones to disrupt mating : ** * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Hay, Alfalfa 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 25 37 32 51 22 39 Remove or plow down crop residue : 20 11 16 18 5 13 Clean implements after fieldwork : 31 35 44 42 14 36 Water management practices : 3 7 16 25 4 11 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 5 14 11 17 5 14 Rotate crops to control pests : 32 31 22 31 27 31 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 11 9 6 11 3 10 Grow trap crop to control insects: * ** ** ** ** : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 21 31 36 42 23 32 Records kept to track pests : 8 6 7 10 6 7 Field mapping of weed problems : 13 11 6 20 4 13 Soil analysis to detect pests : 5 8 4 5 3 6 Pheromones to monitor pests : * ** ** ** ** Weather monitoring : 29 11 11 20 5 15 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 4 11 9 7 5 9 Biological pesticides : * 2 * 4 ** 3 Beneficial organisms : * 2 7 ** 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 13 13 13 18 3 14 Adjust planting methods : 3 3 * 6 1 4 Alternate pesticides : 18 16 16 16 7 16 Pheromones to disrupt mating : ** * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Hay, Other 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 21 29 35 40 13 32 Remove or plow down crop residue : 12 11 13 17 2 13 Clean implements after fieldwork : 25 22 29 44 8 28 Water management practices : 2 11 7 23 2 9 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 3 5 6 15 1 6 Rotate crops to control pests : 15 15 4 18 4 10 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 4 6 4 4 1 4 Grow trap crop to control insects: ** * * * * : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 10 21 14 32 8 18 Records kept to track pests : 2 8 6 9 2 7 Field mapping of weed problems : 10 5 4 20 ** 6 Soil analysis to detect pests : 6 2 8 6 1 6 Pheromones to monitor pests : * * * * ** * Weather monitoring : 14 7 12 26 1 12 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 3 4 5 3 ** 4 Biological pesticides : 4 3 5 3 ** 4 Beneficial organisms : 6 ** 5 ** 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 10 13 5 18 1 9 Adjust planting methods : 1 5 1 5 ** 3 Alternate pesticides : 8 8 9 14 2 9 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Hay, Other 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 36 37 30 49 11 34 Remove or plow down crop residue : 11 10 10 15 2 10 Clean implements after fieldwork : 23 28 24 41 7 26 Water management practices : 3 7 4 15 1 5 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 3 7 4 13 ** 5 Rotate crops to control pests : 18 18 4 19 4 10 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 3 5 2 4 ** 3 Grow trap crop to control insects: ** * * ** * : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 9 17 10 42 6 14 Records kept to track pests : 3 4 3 9 ** 4 Field mapping of weed problems : 4 6 3 19 ** 5 Soil analysis to detect pests : 6 3 6 6 ** 6 Pheromones to monitor pests : * * * * ** ** Weather monitoring : 15 7 8 14 ** 9 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 2 5 3 4 ** 3 Biological pesticides : 2 3 2 5 ** 2 Beneficial organisms : ** ** 8 ** 1 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 10 15 4 15 1 8 Adjust planting methods : 5 3 ** 8 ** 2 Alternate pesticides : 6 10 5 7 2 6 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * * ** * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Soybeans, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 60 52 63 * 48 54 Remove or plow down crop residue : 5 18 49 * 20 23 Clean implements after fieldwork : 50 46 68 * 40 50 Water management practices : 18 15 38 8 19 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 7 16 41 9 20 Rotate crops to control pests : 72 84 62 93 76 80 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : ** 1 ** * 2 ** Alternate planting locations : 10 25 39 * 14 27 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 4 2 ** 4 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 47 56 56 * 53 56 Records kept to track pests : 13 23 37 * 17 25 Field mapping of weed problems : 4 28 24 16 27 Soil analysis to detect pests : 3 28 26 * 17 27 Pheromones to monitor pests : ** 4 ** ** 4 Weather monitoring : 15 32 35 * 15 32 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 60 55 49 * 48 54 Scouting used to make decisions : 12 32 45 * 16 34 Biological pesticides : 2 7 6 ** 7 Beneficial organisms : * 2 * 1 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 3 24 22 * 12 23 Adjust planting methods : 2 18 26 * 16 19 Alternate pesticides : 24 46 46 * 39 45 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** ** ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 39 48 50 79 41 48 Remove or plow down crop residue : 10 19 39 46 16 21 Clean implements after fieldwork : 45 45 59 76 33 47 Water management practices : 6 14 23 6 15 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 11 15 22 6 15 Rotate crops to control pests : 70 78 55 93 73 75 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : 4 3 2 * 2 3 Alternate planting locations : 27 23 30 * 9 24 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 2 6 ** 2 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 43 45 41 * 46 44 Records kept to track pests : 21 17 23 * 12 18 Field mapping of weed problems : 7 22 13 10 20 Soil analysis to detect pests : 4 19 20 * 10 19 Pheromones to monitor pests : ** 2 ** ** 1 Weather monitoring : 23 24 27 * 9 25 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : 78 60 53 * 61 60 Scouting used to make decisions : 11 21 25 * 10 21 Biological pesticides : 4 5 4 1 5 Beneficial organisms : * 1 11 1 2 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 7 20 16 * 9 19 Adjust planting methods : 4 14 12 * 12 14 Alternate pesticides : 22 35 31 * 33 34 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * ** ** ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Vegetables, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 70 26 34 51 61 45 Remove or plow down crop residue : 23 53 32 50 56 43 Clean implements after fieldwork : 39 55 39 67 49 54 Water management practices : 35 32 29 61 40 43 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * * * 4 * Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 31 10 18 25 28 21 Rotate crops to control pests : 83 94 88 82 77 87 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * * * 5 * Alternate planting locations : 26 50 31 37 32 37 Grow trap crop to control insects: * * * 4 2 4 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 56 64 84 87 81 75 Records kept to track pests : 36 37 31 41 56 37 Field mapping of weed problems : 24 26 52 29 25 31 Soil analysis to detect pests : 28 16 26 59 35 37 Pheromones to monitor pests : 41 * * 22 9 18 Weather monitoring : 52 44 26 41 38 41 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * * * * ** ** Scouting used to make decisions : 50 40 37 24 40 35 Biological pesticides : 38 10 54 23 13 27 Beneficial organisms : 3 1 38 20 12 15 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 53 26 19 33 19 33 Adjust planting methods : 6 46 17 23 16 25 Alternate pesticides : 74 46 81 83 60 72 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * 6 2 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Vegetables, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 56 55 52 29 39 49 Remove or plow down crop residue : 47 45 48 57 34 49 Clean implements after fieldwork : 23 37 54 18 28 31 Water management practices : 18 19 37 70 15 34 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : * * * 10 * Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 5 22 13 21 18 13 Rotate crops to control pests : 73 75 38 80 62 67 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * * * ** * Alternate planting locations : 41 38 26 26 27 34 Grow trap crop to control insects: * * * 11 5 4 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 48 67 44 46 52 50 Records kept to track pests : 5 20 14 29 19 15 Field mapping of weed problems : 5 37 22 17 6 17 Soil analysis to detect pests : 3 5 31 23 13 14 Pheromones to monitor pests : 2 * * 14 4 5 Weather monitoring : 35 21 21 21 16 26 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * * * * 2 ** Scouting used to make decisions : 4 22 12 12 15 11 Biological pesticides : 22 27 11 18 16 19 Beneficial organisms : 15 17 8 53 5 22 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 64 33 17 29 18 40 Adjust planting methods : 44 10 26 15 9 27 Alternate pesticides : 60 33 42 24 30 43 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * 10 2 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, Wheat, All 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 70 55 53 51 43 54 Remove or plow down crop residue : 5 33 47 36 30 36 Clean implements after fieldwork : 56 62 57 67 49 62 Water management practices : 7 13 27 13 6 16 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 10 35 27 35 23 32 Rotate crops to control pests : 36 78 41 65 56 65 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 10 35 19 25 17 28 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 3 3 1 ** 3 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 23 48 40 65 46 50 Records kept to track pests : 20 22 21 29 16 24 Field mapping of weed problems : 5 28 13 42 13 27 Soil analysis to detect pests : 3 13 14 11 7 13 Pheromones to monitor pests : * ** * ** ** ** Weather monitoring : 6 33 31 38 15 33 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 20 30 20 22 14 26 Biological pesticides : 8 8 3 2 1 5 Beneficial organisms : * 2 2 5 ** 3 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 5 34 22 36 14 31 Adjust planting methods : 2 12 10 13 7 11 Alternate pesticides : 15 43 30 50 31 41 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, Wheat, All 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 46 46 41 50 36 45 Remove or plow down crop residue : 34 23 33 32 23 28 Clean implements after fieldwork : 28 48 50 60 33 49 Water management practices : 2 11 16 16 4 12 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : Adjust planting/harvesting dates : 18 25 18 24 16 22 Rotate crops to control pests : 63 71 27 62 48 58 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : Alternate planting locations : 18 24 14 18 10 20 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 2 4 1 ** 2 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 32 38 26 57 31 37 Records kept to track pests : 10 14 10 26 9 14 Field mapping of weed problems : 9 21 8 30 6 18 Soil analysis to detect pests : 3 11 9 10 4 10 Pheromones to monitor pests : * ** * ** ** ** Weather monitoring : 35 23 16 30 9 23 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : Scouting used to make decisions : 8 19 13 18 8 16 Biological pesticides : 4 4 3 6 ** 4 Beneficial organisms : * 2 2 4 ** 2 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 12 25 17 25 9 22 Adjust planting methods : 2 10 5 9 4 7 Alternate pesticides : 13 31 19 37 18 27 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * * * * ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Acres Receiving Practice, All Other Crops and Cropland Pasture, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Acres : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 26 43 56 59 43 52 Remove or plow down crop residue : 11 23 41 33 31 33 Clean implements after fieldwork : 15 58 54 57 42 55 Water management practices : 7 10 38 29 15 25 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : 1 ** * ** ** Adjust planting/harvesting dates : * 35 35 16 12 30 Rotate crops to control pests : 43 72 47 53 48 57 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * * * ** ** Alternate planting locations : 12 40 30 30 15 32 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 4 ** ** ** 2 : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 16 55 56 61 43 55 Records kept to track pests : 8 26 40 28 18 31 Field mapping of weed problems : 7 28 22 35 11 26 Soil analysis to detect pests : 6 13 30 28 12 22 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 3 4 10 1 4 Weather monitoring : 19 36 33 37 18 35 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * 2 3 ** 1 2 Scouting used to make decisions : 8 32 39 19 20 32 Biological pesticides : * 6 10 11 2 9 Beneficial organisms : * 4 16 19 2 12 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 19 32 24 27 12 27 Adjust planting methods : 5 22 18 13 8 18 Alternate pesticides : 13 45 46 49 30 45 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * 4 2 ** 2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Farms Utilizing Practice, All Other Crops and Cropland Pasture, 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Region :United States :-------------------------------------------- Practice :North- : North : : : : : east :Central: South : West : 1999 : 2000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Farms : Prevention Practices: : : Tillage/etc. to manage pests : 37 36 38 37 33 37 Remove or plow down crop residue : 27 22 28 17 24 23 Clean implements after fieldwork : 21 38 38 26 30 34 Water management practices : 10 9 16 17 8 13 : : Avoidance Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : insect resistance only : ** 1 * 2 ** Adjust planting/harvesting dates : * 16 14 9 7 12 Rotate crops to control pests : 40 50 26 28 29 37 Biotech varieties with pathogen/ : nematode resistance only : * * * 2 ** Alternate planting locations : 17 23 18 13 9 19 Grow trap crop to control insects: * 3 1 1 ** * : : Monitoring Practices: : : Scouted for pests : 30 39 28 33 27 33 Records kept to track pests : 18 11 16 13 7 14 Field mapping of weed problems : 10 15 10 13 4 12 Soil analysis to detect pests : 15 5 12 10 5 9 Pheromones to monitor pests : * 1 2 4 ** 2 Weather monitoring : 38 17 21 16 8 21 : : Suppression Practices: : : Biotech varieties with : herbicide resistance only : * 1 3 ** 3 1 Scouting used to make decisions : 25 14 12 10 6 14 Biological pesticides : 2 5 10 4 2 6 Beneficial organisms : * 3 6 9 2 5 Maintain ground cover : or physical barriers : 39 26 17 18 10 23 Adjust planting methods : 15 10 12 7 6 10 Alternate pesticides : 22 24 26 21 16 24 Pheromones to disrupt mating : * 1 ** ** ** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data. ** Less than 1 percent. Survey Procedures: The estimates in this report are based on an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Survey conducted in February 2001. This probability survey used an area frame sample design with 6,930 segments, or parcels of land. Each segment averaged approximately one square mile in size. Telephone enumerators conducting the survey contacted a subsample of 7,808 farmers having operations within the segments and collected pest management practices for their entire operation. Estimates for each pest management practice were then calculated, using the selection probability of each segment. Data collection methodology for the 2000 IPM Survey represented a departure from the previous three years. Prior to 2000, collection of survey data from farmers was conducted by personal interview during November-December of the current year. The 2000 survey was conducted solely with computer-assisted telephone interviews in February of the following year. Estimation Procedures: For each crop/pest management practice combination, two ratios are calculated: percent of farms and percent of acres covered by that practice. If a farm operator used a given practice on a specific crop, all acres planted to that crop were considered to have been "treated" with the given pest management practice. These data will not be revised even if there are subsequent revisions to acreage for a given crop. Reliability: The probability nature of the survey provides estimates that are statistically representative of pest management practices on the targeted crops. Reliability of survey results is affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. The sampling variability, expressed as a percentage of the estimate, is referred to as the coefficient of variation (cv). Sampling variability is a measure of how the estimates would differ if other samples had been drawn and utilized. Sampling variability of the estimates differs considerably by crop/pest management practice combination. Some practices are seldom used on certain crops. In general, the more common the pest management practice, the smaller the sampling variability. For commonly used pest management practices, cv's will range from 1-20 percent at the U.S. level and 3-60 percent at the Regional level. Some rarer items could have cv's above 100 percent. These items generally have insufficient data for publication and are noted with an asterisk (*). Non-sampling errors occur during a survey process, and unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling mistakes between collection and publication. In this survey, all survey procedures and analyses were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Glossary Agricultural chemicals: Active ingredients in fertilizers and pesticides. Allelopathic: The release of chemical compounds from a plant that will inhibit the growth of another plant, such as weeds. Beneficial Insects: Insects collected and introduced into locations because of their value in biologic control as prey on harmful insects and parasites. Chemigation: Application of an agricultural chemical by injecting it into irrigation water. Crop year: The period immediately following harvest for the previous crop through harvest of the current crop. Cultivars: A horticulturally or agriculturally derived variety of a plant, as distinguished from a natural variety. Farm: Any establishment from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were sold or would normally be sold during the year. Government payments are included in sales. Places with all acreage enrolled in set aside or other government programs are considered operating. Fungi: A lower form of parasitic plant life which often reduces crop production and/or lowers the grade quality of its host. Land in Farms: All land operated as part of a farming operation during the year. It includes crop and livestock acreage, wasteland, woodland, pasture, land in summer fallow, idle cropland, and land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program and other set aside or commodity acreage programs. It excludes public, industrial, and grazing association land and nonagricultural land. It excludes all land operated by establishments not qualifying as farms. Nematodes: Microscopic, worm-shaped parasitic animals. Damage to many crops can be severe. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), includes any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Pheromone: A chemical substance produced by an insect which serves as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species for one or more behavioral responses. PEST MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES: Prevention: Is the practice of keeping a pest population from infesting a crop or field. It includes such tactics as using pest-free seeds and transplants, preventing weeds from reproducing, choosing cultivars with genetic resistance to insects or disease, irrigation scheduling to avoid situations conducive to disease development, cleaning tillage and harvesting equipment between fields or operations, using field sanitation procedures, and eliminating alternate hosts or sites for insect pests and disease organisms. Glossary (continued) The following questions were categorized as prevention practices: Did you clean tillage or harvesting implements after completing fieldwork for the purpose of reducing the spread of weeds, diseases or other pests? Did you remove or plow down crop residues to control pests? Did you use practices such as tilling, mowing, burning, or chopping of field edges, lanes, ditches, roadways or fence lines to manage pests? Did you use water management practices, such as controlled drainage or irrigation scheduling, excluding chemigation, to control pests? Avoidance: May be practiced when pest populations exist in a field or site but the impact of the pest on the crop can be avoided through some cultural practice. Examples of avoidance tactics include crop rotation such that the crop of choice is not a host for the pest, choosing cultivars with genetic resistance to pests, using trap crops, choosing cultivars with maturity dates that may allow harvest before pest populations develop, fertilization programs to promote rapid crop development, and simply not planting certain areas of fields where pest populations are likely to cause crop failure. Some tactics for prevention and avoidance strategies may overlap. The following questions were categorized as avoidance practices: Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to insects (Bt, etc.)? Did you adjust planting or harvesting dates to control pests? Did you rotate crops for the purpose of controlling pests? Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to plant pathogens or nematodes causing plant diseases? Did you choose planting locations to avoid cross infestation of insects or disease? Did you grow a trap crop to help control insects? Monitoring: Includes proper identification of pests through surveys or scouting programs, including trapping, weather monitoring, and soil testing where appropriate. The following questions were categorized as monitoring practices: Was this crop scouted for pests (weeds, insects or disease)using a systematic method? Glossary (continued) Did you use field mapping of previous weed problems to assist you in making weed management decisions? Did you use soil analysis to detect the presence of soilborne pests or pathogens? Did you use pheromones to monitor the presence of pests by trapping? Did you use weather monitoring to predict the need for pesticide applications? Suppression: Tactics include cultural practices such as narrow row spacings or optimized in-row plant populations, alternative tillage approaches such as no-till or strip-till systems, cover crops or mulches, or using crops with allelopathic potential in the rotation. Physical suppression tactics may include cultivation or mowing for weed control, baited or pheromone traps for certain insects, and temperature management or exclusion devices for insect and disease management. Biological controls, including mating disruption for insects, could be considered as alternatives to conventional pesticides, especially where long-term control of an especially troublesome pest species can be obtained. Chemical pesticides are important and some use will remain necessary. However, pesticides should be applied as a last resort in suppression systems. The following questions were categorized as suppression practices: Did you use any crop varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to specific herbicides (Roundup Ready, Liberty Link, Poast-Protected corn, STS soybean, IT corn)? Did you use scouting data and compare it to university or extension guidelines for infestation thresholds to determine when to take measures to control pests? Did you use beneficial organisms (insects, nematodes or fungi) to control pests? Did you use topically applied biological pesticides such as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), insect growth regulators, neem or other natural products to control pests? Did you maintain ground covers, mulches or physical barriers to reduce pest problems? Did you adjust row spacing, plant density or row direction to control pests? Did you alternate pesticides to keep pests from becoming resistant to pesticides (use pesticides with different mechanisms of action)? Did you use pheromones to control pests by disrupting mating? Report Features/Contracts Released May 30, 2001, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For additional copies or information on "Pest Management Practices" call NASS Customer Service at (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. This is the fourth and final separate report of the series on Pest Management Practices. NASS will continue to publish pest management practices data in its commodity-specific "Agricultural Chemical Usage" report series. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information: Larry Beard, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-1052 Norman W. Bennett, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684 Linda J. 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