We 1 (4-09) Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA Washington, D.C. Released April 28, 2009, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin" call Julie Schmidt at (202) 720-7621, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. National Weather Summary April 19 - 25, 2009 Highlights: Showers fell early in the week and again at week's end in the Midwest, but several warm, dry days between rain events allowed producers to make progress planting summer crops. Corn planting was especially active in the relatively drier upper Midwest. Meanwhile, generally dry weather across the South also promoted an acceleration of fieldwork, including corn, cotton, rice, and soybean planting. Farther west, several days of warm, dry weather on the Plains favored winter wheat growth and promoted summer crop planting. Fieldwork finally commenced in parts of the Dakotas, although cool, damp conditions returned to the north-central United States toward week's end. Elsewhere, a record-setting, early-season heat wave in the West was replaced by markedly cooler weather late in the week. Snow accompanied the surge of cool air across the northern Rockies and northern Intermountain West. The cool air brought scattered freezes to the Northwestern fruit belt on April 24-25, and resulted in lows ranging from 5 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit in winter wheat areas of western and central Montana on April 24. Prior to the arrival of the late-week chill, the warmest weather of the year affected much of the United States. From April 20-22, readings above 100 degrees Fahrenheit were common in the Desert Southwest. On April 23, temperatures surged to 90 degrees Fahrenheit or higher as far north as South Dakota. By week's end (April 25), readings also topped 90 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the Mid-Atlantic region. As warmth expanded across the nation, the pace of fieldwork and crop development accelerated. Despite the end-of week cooling trend, temperatures averaged as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit above normal in California and the Desert Southwest. Weekly readings also averaged as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit above normal on the southern Plains. Early in the week, record-setting warmth intensified across the West. In southern California, daily-record highs for April 20 reached 103 degrees Fahrenheit in Riverside and Santa Ana. The following day, Thermal (107 degrees Fahreneheit) posted a daily-record high for April 21. In the San Francisco Bay area, monthly record highs were attained on April 20 in locations such as San Jose (95 degrees Fahrenheit; tied 95 degrees Fahrenheit on April 9, 1989, and April 30, 1996) and the Oakland Airport (91 degrees Fahrenheit; previously, 88 degrees Fahrenheit on April 23, 1966, and April 26 and 27, 2004). Additional monthly records were set in California on April 21, when highs soared to 104 degrees Fahrenheit in King City (previously, 102 degrees Fahrenheit on April 29, 1981, and April 26, 2004) and 101 degrees Fahrenheit in Gilroy (previously, 100 degrees Fahrenheit on April 30, 1981). In California's San Joaquin Valley, Bakersfield notched consecutive daily-record highs (99 and 97 degrees Fahrenheit) on April 21-22. By mid-week, heat reached the south-central U.S., where records for April 22 in Texas climbed to 100 degrees Fahrenheit in Wichita Falls and 90 degrees Fahrenheit in Houston. The average date of Houston's first 90-degree reading is May 3. During the second half of the week, unusually warm conditions overspread the Midwest, South, and East. On April 23, daily-record highs surged to 95 degrees Fahrenheit in Academy, SD, and 92 degrees Fahrenheit in Sioux City, IA. Rochester, MN, posted a high of 92 degrees Fahrenheit on April 4, edging its monthly standard of 91 degrees Fahrenheit set on April 21 and 22, 1980. It was also Rochester's first 90-degree reading since September 17, 2007. Later, April 25 highs of 93 degrees Fahrenheit in Georgetown, DE; 92 degrees Fahrenheit in Raleigh-Durham, NC; and 90 degrees Fahrenheit in Concord, NH, were among dozens of late-week Eastern records. In stark contrast, cold weather returned to the northern Plains and the Northwest, accompanied by some late-season snow. On April 24, daily-record lows in Montana dipped to 5 degrees Fahrenheit in Cut Bank and 11 degrees Fahrenheit in Great Falls. Prior to the arrival of the coldest weather, Great Falls received 2.6 inches of snow on April 23-24. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, East Rapid City's April 24-26 snowfall of 9.7 inches boosted its season-to-date total to a record-high 90.2 inches (previously, 80.3 inches in 1969-70). During the first half of the week, snow blanketed the upper Great Lakes region, while heavy showers and locally severe thunderstorms peppered the East. On April 19, a deadly tornado claimed one life in Marshall County, AL. The following day, record rainfall totals for April20 included 2.10 inches in Newark, NJ, and 1.89 inches at New York's LaGuardia Airport. Meanwhile, both Marquette, MI (10.6 and 9.9 inches), and Rhinelander, WI (6.9 and 3.3 inches), netted consecutive daily-record snowfall totals on April 20-21. Later, stormy weather returned to the northern half of the West and the nation's mid-section. On April 24, daily-record precipitation totals included 0.52 inch in Eureka, NV, and 4.72 inches at Houston's Hobby Airport in Texas. The next day, record totals for April 25 reached 2.15 inches in Dubuque, IA; 1.94 inches in Madison, WI; and 1.40 inches in Grand Rapids, MI. Cool, showery weather prevailed in Hawaii. During the first 25 days of April, temperatures ranged from 3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit below normal at both Lihue, Kauai, and Hilo, on the Big Island. In fact, Lihue last experienced an above-normal daily average temperature on February 13. By April 26, the long-running Hawaiian cool spell culminated in daily-record lows of 56 degrees Fahrenheit in Kahului, Maui; 59 degrees Fahrenheit in Hilo; and 60 degrees Fahrenheit in Lihue. On the Big Island, weekly rainfall totaled 4.51 inches in Hilo and 12.69 inches in Laupahoehoe. Elsewhere, 24-hour totals included 4.88 inches (on April 20-21) at Waimanalo, Oahu, and 8.99 inches at West Wailuaiki, Maui. Farther north, occasional showers dampened Alaska, accompanied by near-normal temperatures. Bettles (0.66 inch) collected a daily-record precipitation total for April 23. Fairbanks noted its first measurable precipitation of the month (0.09 inch) on April 23. However, April is climatologically Fairbanks' driest month of the year, with an average total of 0.21 inch. National Weather Summary provided by USDA's World Agricultural Outlook Board. For more information, call (202) 720-2397. Agricultural Summary April 20 - 26, 2009 Highlights: While much of the Nation received precipitation totaling 1 inch or less, areas along the Upper Coast of Texas recorded more than 8 inches of rainfall, or greater than 800 percent of normal. Spring storms battered parts of the Great Lakes, northern Corn Belt, and New England, dumping up to 4 inches of precipitation and leaving total accumulations for the week between 200 and 800 percent of normal in some locations. Warmer than normal temperatures prevailed across much of the country, providing ideal planting conditions for many producers and allowing for significant progress in several States. In contrast, a few areas along the upper Pacific Coast, in the northern Great Plains, and in the Great Lakes recorded below normal temperatures, reaching as many as 5 degrees below normal in Minnesota. Corn: Producers made significant planting progress as warm temperatures coupled with strong winds helped dry out wet soils, allowing fieldwork to proceed at a rapid pace. By week's end, 22 percent of the 2009 corn crop was in the ground, 13 points ahead of last year, but 6 points behind the 5-year average pace. In Iowa, the largest corn-producing State, planting progress was aided by favorable conditions, allowing producers to plant 41 percent of their crop during the week. A large increase was also reported in Minnesota where producers planted 40 percent of their crop. Soybeans: Growers had planted 3 percent of their acreage, 1 point ahead of last year, but 2 points behind the normal pace. Planting was underway in Iowa and Minnesota, two of the three largest soybean-producing States, ahead of last year and the average pace by 2 points and 1 point, respectively. In the Delta, planting progress was at or behind the average pace. Limited planting activity had occurred in Missouri, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Winter Wheat: Heading advanced to 21 percent, 7 points ahead of last year, but 2 points slower than the average. Development over the past week was evident in North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Arkansas where 41 percent, 28 percent, and 27 percent of the crop matured during the week, respectively. Overall, 45 percent of the Nation's winter wheat crop was rated in good to excellent condition, compared with 43 percent a week ago and 46 percent last year. Cotton: Nationwide, producers had planted 16 percent of their cotton acreage, 3 points behind the previous year and 4 points behind normal. Planting progress gained speed across the Delta as warm, windy conditions dried soggy fields. Producers in the Plains of Texas made field preparations, as planting in Georgia was underway but behind last year's and the average pace. Sorghum: Twenty-eight percent of 2009's sorghum acreage was planted by week's end, 2 points behind last year, but on par with the 5-year average. Kansas producers had yet to begin planting, while 61 percent of the acreage in Texas was in the ground, 4 points behind the pace in 2008, but 3 points ahead of normal. Rice: Producers had seeded 47 percent of this year's rice acreage, 4 points ahead of last year, but 9 points behind the 5-year average pace. At 36 percent, Missouri producers seeded the largest percentage of acres during the week. Arkansas and Mississippi producers also made significant progress during the week, seeding 21 percent of their 2009 acreage. In Louisiana, producers planted 14 percent of their crop during the week, advancing progress to 79 percent, 6 points behind last year and 2 points behind the average. Twenty-one percent of the crop had emerged, 1 point ahead of last year, but 9 points behind the normal pace. Small Grains: Spring wheat seeding was more than a week behind last year's and the average pace. Nationally, producers had sown 15 percent of the spring wheat crop compared to 32 percent in 2008 and 36 percent for the average. With a week of dry weather and warmer than normal temperatures, noteworthy progress was made in South Dakota and Washington with producers seeding 24 and 20 percent of their acreage during the past week, respectively. Emergence was evident in 2 percent of the crop compared with 4 percent in 2008 and 9 percent for the 5-year average. Seventeen percent of the Nation's barley acreage was sown by April 26, 15 points behind last year and 17 points behind normal. Planting began in North Dakota, the largest barley-producing State, but progress was more than a week behind last year's and the normal pace. Washington producers took advantage of drying fields and planted 19 percent of their crop during the week. Nationwide, producers had sown 61 percent of the oat acreage, 9 points ahead of last year, but 4 points slower than the average pace. Above normal temperatures coupled with below normal precipitation allowed producers in North Dakota to begin seeding this year's oat crop although planting remained over 2 weeks behind the normal pace. Emergence advanced to 37 percent, 5 points ahead of last year, but 3 points behind the 5-year average. Iowa's crop showed the most development, progressing 26 percent during the week. Other Crops: Peanut producers had planted 2 percent of their crop, equaling last year's pace, but 1 point behind the average. Planting progress lagged the normal pace in all States except Florida and North Carolina, and was not yet underway in Alabama, South Carolina, or Virginia. By week's end, 31 percent of this year's sugarbeets were planted, equaling the progress made a year ago, but 16 points behind the 5-year average pace. Planting had started in North Dakota, 7 points behind the previous year and 26 points, or more than one week, behind normal. With nearly an entire week of days suitable for fieldwork, a considerable amount of planting was done in Idaho. However, progress lagged last year and the average. Corn: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : CO : 13 8 15 15 IL : 4 1 5 43 IN : 2 0 9 25 IA : 47 6 3 25 KS : 22 8 17 38 KY : 20 4 28 57 MI : 3 2 10 16 MN : 40 0 1 18 MO : 27 7 7 55 NE : 27 3 8 18 NC : 69 37 66 77 ND : 0 0 3 10 OH : 4 2 8 26 PA : 7 1 18 15 SD : 3 0 4 8 TN : 37 11 45 71 TX : 74 60 65 71 WI : 6 1 1 9 : 18 Sts: 22 5 9 28 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 18 States planted 92% of last year's corn acreage. Soybeans: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 12 NA 8 17 IL : 0 NA 0 2 IN : 0 NA 0 4 IA : 2 NA 0 1 KS : 0 NA 0 2 KY : 0 NA 2 3 LA : 34 NA 46 34 MI : 0 NA 1 4 MN : 2 NA 0 1 MS : 33 NA 43 57 MO : 1 NA 0 4 NE : 0 NA 0 1 NC : 3 NA 2 2 ND : 0 NA 0 0 OH : 0 NA 0 8 SD : 0 NA 0 0 TN : 1 NA 0 3 WI : 0 NA 0 1 : 18 Sts: 3 NA 2 5 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 18 States planted 95% of last year's soybean acreage. Rice: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 45 24 34 60 CA : 15 3 20 12 LA : 79 65 85 81 MS : 38 17 54 62 MO : 47 11 8 45 TX : 92 91 91 85 : 6 Sts : 47 29 43 56 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 6 States planted 100% of last year's rice acreage. Rice: Percent Emerged, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 11 3 5 25 CA : 0 0 3 2 LA : 59 35 68 65 MS : 14 4 26 31 MO : 9 0 0 14 TX : 81 67 82 74 : 6 Sts : 21 11 20 30 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 6 States planted 100% of last year's rice acreage. Cotton: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AL : 3 0 15 25 AZ : 50 35 51 52 AR : 9 1 8 15 CA : 70 45 94 76 GA : 3 0 5 8 KS : 0 0 0 0 LA : 35 7 45 36 MS : 13 0 6 23 MO : 10 1 5 18 NC : 8 0 6 11 OK : 0 0 2 2 SC : 6 4 5 7 TN : 2 0 2 4 TX : 19 17 21 21 VA : 0 0 8 16 : 15 Sts: 16 11 19 20 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 15 States planted 99% of last year's cotton acreage. Winter Wheat: Percent Headed, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 66 39 43 69 CA : 95 90 97 92 CO : 3 1 3 3 ID : 0 0 0 0 IL : 0 0 1 5 IN : 0 0 0 2 KS : 2 1 1 10 MI : 0 0 0 0 MO : 5 0 3 17 MT : 0 0 0 0 NE : 0 0 0 0 NC : 50 9 62 53 OH : 0 0 0 0 OK : 59 31 33 63 OR : 1 0 0 0 SD : 0 0 0 0 TX : 56 44 36 45 WA : 0 0 0 2 : 18 Sts: 21 14 14 23 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 18 States planted 87% of last year's winter wheat acreage. Sorghum: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 33 16 12 49 CO : 0 0 0 2 IL : 0 0 0 4 KS : 0 0 0 1 LA : 28 17 72 67 MO : 2 0 0 11 NE : 0 0 0 0 NM : 6 5 0 0 OK : 5 1 5 11 SD : 0 0 0 0 TX : 61 59 65 58 : 11 Sts: 28 26 30 28 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 11 States planted 96% of last year's sorghum acreage. Oats: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : IA : 93 70 26 75 MN : 47 22 8 38 NE : 86 55 78 85 ND : 2 0 28 25 OH : 54 42 54 63 PA : 66 45 77 67 SD : 24 6 45 62 TX : 100 100 100 100 WI : 58 35 14 48 : 9 Sts : 61 48 52 65 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 9 States planted 65% of last year's oat acreage. Oats: Percent Emerged, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : IA : 29 3 5 36 MN : 2 0 0 9 NE : 34 15 26 44 ND : 0 0 0 2 OH : 24 17 7 18 PA : 32 12 14 19 SD : 5 0 9 23 TX : 100 100 100 100 WI : 7 0 1 12 : 9 Sts : 37 31 32 40 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 9 States planted 65% of last year's oat acreage. Spring Wheat: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : ID : 56 40 53 63 MN : 13 4 5 23 MT : 24 6 45 38 ND : 1 0 28 26 SD : 35 11 48 69 WA : 64 44 59 78 : 6 Sts : 15 6 32 36 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 6 States planted 98% of last year's spring wheat acreage. Spring Wheat: Percent Emerged, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : ID : 16 NA 15 31 MN : 1 NA 0 5 MT : 0 NA 2 4 ND : 0 NA 1 3 SD : 7 NA 10 29 WA : 20 NA 33 50 : 6 Sts : 2 NA 4 9 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 6 States planted 98% of last year's spring wheat acreage. Barley: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : ID : 46 31 46 50 MN : 14 3 2 18 MT : 21 8 46 46 ND : 1 0 21 20 WA : 42 23 42 69 : 5 Sts : 17 9 32 34 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 5 States planted 81% of last year's barley acreage. Peanuts: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : AL : 0 NA 3 4 FL : 9 NA 6 4 GA : 1 NA 2 2 NC : 5 NA 2 1 OK : 4 NA 10 8 SC : 0 NA 1 7 TX : 1 NA 0 2 VA : 0 NA 0 2 : 8 Sts : 2 NA 2 3 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 8 States planted 98% of last year's peanut acreage. Sugarbeets: Percent Planted, Selected States 1/ -------------------------------------- : Week Ending : :-----------------------: 2004- State:Apr 26,:Apr 19,:Apr 26,: 2008 : 2009 : 2009 : 2008 : Avg. -------------------------------------- : Percent : ID : 87 55 88 90 MI : 81 70 78 82 MN : 13 0 9 31 ND : 3 0 10 29 : 4 Sts : 31 18 31 47 -------------------------------------- 1/ These 4 States planted 84% of last year's sugarbeet acreage. Winter Wheat: Crop Condition by Percent, Selected States Week Ending Apr 26, 2009 -------------------------------------- State : VP : P : F : G : EX -------------------------------------- : Percent : AR : 0 6 27 58 9 CA : 0 0 10 20 70 CO : 2 7 23 46 22 ID : 0 0 19 73 8 IL : 1 7 23 52 17 IN : 1 2 19 58 20 KS : 4 11 37 41 7 MI : 2 3 22 58 15 MO : 1 7 39 46 7 MT : 2 4 30 52 12 NE : 0 3 24 61 12 NC : 1 3 21 62 13 OH : 1 5 22 52 20 OK : 30 34 27 9 0 OR : 1 14 46 32 7 SD : 3 7 34 48 8 TX : 46 27 16 10 1 WA : 5 12 35 40 8 : 18 Sts : 13 14 28 36 9 : Prev Wk : 13 14 30 36 7 Prev Yr : 8 13 33 37 9 -------------------------------------- VP-Very Poor, P-Poor, F-Fair, G-Good, EX-Excellent. National crop conditions for selected States are weighted based on 2008 planted acres. Crop Progress and Condition Survey and Estimating Procedures Survey Procedures: Crop progress and condition estimates are based on survey data collected each week from early April through the end of November. The non-probability crop progress and condition surveys include input from more than 5,000 reporters whose occupations provide them opportunities to make visual observations and frequently bring them in contact with farmers in their counties. Based on standard definitions, these reporters subjectively estimate progress of farmers' activities and progress of crops through various stages of development. They also provide subjective evaluations of crop conditions. Most reporters complete their questionnaires on Friday or early Monday morning and submit them to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Field Offices in their States by mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, or through a secured internet website. A small number of reports are completed on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Regardless of when questionnaires are completed, reporters are asked to report for the week ending on Sunday. For reports submitted prior to the Sunday reference date, a degree of uncertainty is introduced by projections for weekend changes in progress and condition. By the end of the 2001 season, nearly two-thirds of the data were being submitted through the internet website. As a result, about one-half of all data are submitted on Monday morning, significantly reducing projection uncertainty. Reporters are sent written reporting instructions at the beginning of each season and are contacted periodically to ensure proper reporting. Terms and definitions of crop stages and condition categories used as reporting guidelines are available on the NASS website at: www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/National_Crop_Progress/terms_definitions.asp. Estimating Procedures: Reported data are reviewed for reasonableness and consistency by comparing with data reported the previous week and data reported in surrounding counties for the current week. Each State Field Office summarizes the reported data to district and State levels, weighting each county's reported data by NASS county acreage estimates. Summarized indications are compared with previous week estimates, and progress items are compared with earlier stages of development and historical averages to ensure reasonableness. Weather events and reporter comments are also taken into consideration. State estimates are submitted to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB) along with supporting comments, where they are compared with surrounding States and compiled into a National level summary by weighting each State by its acreage estimates. Revision Policy: Progress and condition estimates in the Crop Progress report are released after 4:00 pm ET on the first business day of the week. These estimates are preliminary and subject to corrections or updates in the Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin that is released after 12:00 pm ET on the second business day of the week. These estimates are subject to revision the following week. Crop Progress and Condition tables expected next week: Barley - Planted, Emerged Corn - Planted, Emerged Cotton - Planted Oats - Planted, Emerged, Condition Pasture & Range - Condition Peanuts - Planted Rice - Planted, Emerged Sorghum - Planted Soybeans - Planted Spring Wheat - Planted, Emerged Sugarbeets - Planted Winter Wheat - Headed, Condition ACCESS TO REPORTS!! For your convenience, there are several ways to obtain NASS reports, data products, and services: INTERNET ACCESS All NASS reports are available free of charge. For free access, connect to the Internet and go to the NASS Home Page at: www.nass.usda.gov. E-MAIL SUBSCRIPTION All NASS reports are available by subscription free of charge direct to your e-mail address. Starting with the NASS Home Page at www.nass.usda.gov, under the right navigation, Receive reports by Email, click on National or State. 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